Reproductive toxicity and underlying mechanisms of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

DEHP (di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) is an endocrine disruptor commonly found in plastic products that has been associated with reproduction alterations, but the effect of DEHP on toxicity is still widely unknown. Using DEHP concentrations of 10, 1, and 0.1 mg/L, we showed that DEHP reduced the reproductive capacity of Caenorhabditis elegans after 72 hr. of exposure. DEHP exposure reduced the reproductive capacity in terms of decreased brood sizes, egg hatchability (0.1, 1 and 10 mg/L), and egg-laying rate (1 and 10 mg/L), and increased numbers of fertilized eggs in the uterus (1 and 10 mg/L). DEHP also caused damage to gonad development. DEHP decreased the total number of germline cells, and decreased the relative area of the gonad arm of all exposure groups, with worms in the 1 mg/L DEHP exposure group having the minimum gonad arm area. Additionally, DEHP caused a significant concentration‐dependent increase in the expression of unc-86. Autophagy and ROS contributed to the enhancement of DEHP toxicity in reducing reproductive capacity, and glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were activated as the antioxidant defense in this study. Hence, we found that DEHP has a dual effect on nematodes. Higher concentration (10 mg/L) DEHP can inhibit the expression of autophagy genes (atg-18, atg-7, bec-1, lgg-1 and unc-51), and lower concentrations (0.1 and 1 mg/L) can promote the expression of autophagy genes. Our data highlight the potential environmental risk of DEHP in inducing reproductive toxicity toward the gonad development and reproductive capacity of environmental organisms.     

A critical review on the application of biochar in environmental pollution remediation: Role of persistent free radicals (PFRs)

Biochar as an emerging carbonaceous material has exhibited a great potential in environmental application for its perfect adsorption ability. However, there are abundant persistent free radicals (PFRs) in biochar, so the direct and indirect PFRs-mediated removal of organic and inorganic contaminants by biochar was widely reported. In order to comprehend deeply the formation of PFRs in biochar and their interactions with contaminants, this paper reviews the formation mechanisms of PFRs in biochar and the PFRs-mediated environmental applications of biochar in recent years. Finally, future challenges in this field are also proposed. This review provides a more comprehensive understanding on the emerging applications of biochar from the viewpoint of the catalytic role of PFRs.     

Investigation of suitable precursors for manganese oxide catalysts in ethyl acetate oxidation

The control of ethyl acetate emissions from fermentation and extraction processes in the pharmaceutical industry is of great importance to the environment. We have developed three Mn₂O₃ catalysts by using different Mn precursors (MnCl₂, Mn(CH₃COO)₂, MnSO₄), named as Mn₂O₃-Cl, -Ac, -SO₄. The tested catalytic activity results showed a sequence with Mn precursors as: Mn₂O₃-Cl > Mn₂O₃-Ac > Mn₂O₃-SO₄. The Mn₂O₃-Cl catalyst reached a complete ethyl acetate conversion at 212℃ (75℃ lower than that of Mn₂O₃-SO₄), and this high activity 100% could be maintained high at 212℃ for at least 100 hr. The characterization data about the physical properties of catalysts did not show an obvious correlation between the structure and morphology of Mn₂O₃ catalysts and catalytic performance, neither was the surface area the determining factor for catalytic activity in the ethyl acetate oxidation. Here we firstly found there is a close linear relationship between the catalytic activity and the amount of lattice oxygen species in the ethyl acetate oxidation, indicating that lattice oxygen species were essential for excellent catalytic activity. Through H₂ temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) results, we found that the lowest initial reduction temperature over the Mn₂O₃-Cl had stronger oxygen mobility, thus more oxygen species participated in the oxidation reaction, resulting in the highest catalytic performance. With convenient preparation, high efficiency, and stability, Mn₂O₃ prepared with MnCl₂ will be a promising catalyst for removing ethyl acetate in practical application.     

城市间PM2.5源的碳成分谱比较

为了解我国不同城市PM_2.5源的碳成分谱特征和地域差异,采集沈阳市、十堰市和乌鲁木齐市的燃煤源、柴油车尾气源、汽油车尾气源和餐饮源样品,使用热光透射法分析PM_2.5中的总碳（TC）、有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）,以及细分的8种碳组分（OC1,OC2,OC3,OC4,EC1,EC2,EC3和OPC_T）,构建各类污染源碳成分谱.结果表明：3个城市4类源TC/PM_2.5从高到低分别为：餐饮源（65.1%±8.4%）、柴油车尾气源（46.2%±9.5%）、汽油车尾气源（37.7%±3.5%）和燃煤源（17.3%±8.0%）;OC/TC在餐饮源中最高（98.0%±0.5%）,EC/TC在柴油车尾气源中最高（38.6%±8.5%）.3个城市同类源的碳组分含量受污染源细分后的不同类型影响有一定差异,但归一化处理后总体仍表现为燃煤源中OC2（14%~30%）和OC3（13%~23%）含量最高,柴油车尾气源中EC2（22%~56%）含量最高,汽油车尾气源中OC2（24%~41%）、OC1（16%~42%）和OC3（12%~26%）含量最高,餐饮源中OC2（21%~43%）和OC3（23%~49%）含量最高.不同污染源的OC/EC值为燃煤源在0.4~7.6之间,柴油车尾气源在0.2~5.6之间,汽油车尾气源在1.1~38.5之间,餐饮源在6.4~170.2之间.分歧系数结果显示3个城市不同源的碳成分谱具有差异性,同类源的碳成分谱具有相似性.将3个城市同类源碳成分谱合并后利用化学质量平衡灵敏度矩阵得到OC2,OC3,OC4,EC1和OPC_T可共同作为燃煤源的标识组分;EC2是柴油车尾气源的标识组分;OC1,OC2和OC3可共同作为汽油车尾气源的标识组分;OC2和OC3可共同作为餐饮源的标识组分.沈阳市、十堰市和乌鲁木齐市相同污染源相似的碳成分谱和一致的标识碳组分可为国内其他城市相关研究提供数据参考.     

我国人为源挥发性有机物反应性排放清单

以我国人为源挥发性有机物(VOCs)为研究对象,使用具有代表性的VOCs总量排放清单、各污染源成分谱及物种最大增量反应活性值(MIR),建立了2010年我国人为源VOCs基于臭氧生成潜势(OFP)的反应性排放清单.结果表明,2010年我国人为源挥发性有机物总OFP为84 187.61 kt,其中,烷烃6 882.53 kt,烯炔烃41 496.92 kt,芳香烃32 945.32 kt,卤代烃161.45kt,含氧有机化合物2 701.40 kt.OFP贡献前10种物种分别为丙烯、乙烯、间/对-二甲苯、甲苯、1-丁烯、邻-二甲苯、1,2,4-三甲苯、1,3-丁二烯、间-乙基甲苯和乙苯,占人为源总OFP的63.95%,仅占VOCs排放总量的31.84%.人为源三大污染源中,工业源贡献了49.29%的OFP,为最大贡献源,其次是交通源28.31%和农业源22.40%.建筑装饰、石油炼制、储存与运输、机械设备制造、交通设备制造和包装印刷为工业OFP主要贡献源;轻型载客汽车、重型载客汽车及摩托车为交通源OFP污染控制的重点;生物质燃烧两类子源均为农业源OFP重点控制对象.山东、江苏、广东、浙江和河南是我国人为源OFP贡献最大的省份,占人为源总OFP的39.65%.该反应性清单的建立,对我国基于反应性臭氧(O3)控制对策的制定具有重要意义.     

热解析技术处理汞污染土壤研究进展

土壤既是大气汞与水体汞的汇,又是汞再次释放的源。土壤汞最终通过迁移等方式进入周边环境,危害人体和动植物的健康。综述了传统的汞污染场地修复技术,总结了热解析技术的影响因素、添加剂的协同处理以及热解前后土壤形态变化等,并对热解析技术处理汞污染土壤所存在的问题以及后续发展进行了展望。     

Preparation of Ti species coating hydrotalcite by chemical vapor deposition for photodegradation of azo dye

TiO_2 in anatase crystal phase is a very effective catalyst in the photocatalytic oxidation of organic compounds in water. To improve its photocatalytic activity, the Ti-coating Mg Al hydrotalcite(Ti–Mg Al–LDH) was prepared by chemical vapor deposition(CVD) method.Response surface method(RSM) was employed to evaluate the effect of Ti species coating parameters on the photocatalytic activity, which was found to be affected by the furnace temperature, N2 flow rate and influx time of precursor gas. Application of RSM successfully increased the photocatalytic efficiency of the Ti–Mg Al–LDH in methylene blue photodegradation under UV irradiation, leading to improved economy of the process.According to the results from X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Brunner–Emmet–Teller and Barrett–Joyner–Hallender, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra analyses, the Ti species(TiO_2or/and Ti~(4+)) were successfully coated on the Mg Al–LDH matrix. The Ti species on the surface of the Ti–Mg Al–LDH lead to a higher photocatalytic performance than commercial TiO_2-P25. The results suggested that CVD method provided a new approach for the industrial preparation of Ti-coating Mg Al–LDH material with good photocatalytic performances.     

Purification, characterization and application of dual coagulants containing chitosan and different Al species in coagulation and ultrafiltration process

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different Al species and chitosan (CS) dosages on coagulation performance, floc characteristics (floc sizes, strength and regrowth ability and fractal dimension) and membrane resistance in a coagulation–ultrafiltration hybrid process. Results showed that different Al species combined with humic acid in diverse ways. Al_a had better removal efficiency, as determined by UV₂₅₄ and dissolved organic carbon, which could be further improved by the addition of CS. In addition, the optimal dosage of different Al species was determined to be 4.0 mg/L with the CS concentration of 1.0 mg/L, by orthogonal coagulation experiments. Combining Al_a/Al_b/Al_c with CS resulted in larger flocs, higher recovery, and higher fractal dimension values corresponding to denser flocs; in particular, the floc size at the steady state stage was four times larger than that obtained with Al species coagulants alone. The results of ultrafiltration experiments indicated that the external fouling percentage was significantly higher than that of internal fouling, at around 85% and 15%, respectively. In addition, the total membrane resistance was significantly decreased due to CS addition.     

菏泽市冬季大气PM2.5和PM10中碳组分来源解析

为研究菏泽市冬季大气颗粒物中碳组分的污染特征和来源,于2016年1月采集菏泽市冬季大气PM_2.5和PM₁₀样品,基于热光反射法分析样品中OC（有机碳）、EC（元素碳）及8个碳组分[OC1、OC2、OC3、OC4、EC1、EC2、EC3和OP（裂解碳）]的含量,并计算得到ρ（Char-EC）（Char-EC为燃料燃烧后固体残渣中的EC）和ρ（Soot-EC）（Soot-EC为燃烧后气相挥发物质再凝结形成的EC）,以定性识别大气颗粒物中碳组分的来源.结果表明,菏泽市冬季大气颗粒物样品中碳组分浓度处于较高水平,PM_2.5中的ρ（OC）、ρ（EC）分别为26.34、9.22 μg/m3,PM₁₀中ρ（OC）、ρ（EC）分别为31.82、10.71 μg/m3.采样期间大气PM_2.5中碳组分（OC、EC、OC1、OC2、OC3、OC4、EC1、EC2、EC3、Char-EC、Soot-EC）浓度与PM₁₀中相应各组分浓度的比值均大于0.5（0.60~0.90）,表明碳组分多集中于细粒子（PM_2.5）.大气颗粒物样品中各碳组分浓度具有明显空间差异,各点位大气PM_2.5和PM₁₀中ρ（OC）均显著高于ρ（EC）（T检验,P < 0.05）.菏泽市冬季大气PM_2.5和PM₁₀中Char-EC/Soot-EC（二者质量浓度之比）分别为10.04、8.00,并且存在显著的空间差异性（T检验,P < 0.05）.PMF（正定矩阵因子分解法）解析结果表明,菏泽市冬季大气PM_2.5和PM₁₀中碳组分来源主要有4类,包括两类柴油车（1类排放的碳组分中以EC2为主,定义为柴油车-1;1类排放的碳组分中以EC3为主,定义为柴油车-2）、汽油车、生物质燃烧和燃煤混合源,对大气PM_2.5中碳组分的分担率分别为13.98%、5.13%、24.47%、41.97%,对大气PM₁₀中碳组分的分担率分别为16.08%、8.21%、18.34%、47.35%.可见,菏泽市冬季大气PM_2.5和PM₁₀中碳的主要来源是柴油车、汽油车、生物质燃烧和燃煤.      

地表空气悬浮颗粒物图像敏感信息智能过滤系统设计研究

在图像过滤系统的设计中,利用当前方法进行过滤系统设计时,没有对图像中敏感信息进行考虑,只是采用基本的方法对图像中全部信息进行过滤,造成信息过滤的准确率较低,且图像质量较差.利用Winsock2 SPI技术对图像敏感信息拦截与过滤进行实现,克服传统过滤系统存在的弊端,提高图像敏感信息过滤准确率的同时,提高了悬浮颗粒物图像的质量,完成对悬浮颗粒物图像敏感信息智能过滤系统的设计.实验结果表明,利用设计的系统有效提高了过滤的准确性与图像的质量.