利用造纸黑液回收电镀废液中铬的研究

本文报道了利用造纸黑液回收电镀废液中铬的方法，阐明了造纸黑液中所含有还原性物质与Ｃｒ＾６＋的反应机理；讨论了进行反应的最佳条件以及采用这一方法对废液的治理效果。     

The community vs. the market and the state: Forest use inUttarakhand in the Indian Himalayas

Most writers on resource management presume that local populations, if they act in their self-interest, seldom conserve or protect natural resources without external intervention or privatization. Using the example of forest management by villagers in the Indian Himalayas, this paper argues that rural populations can often use resources sustainably and successfully, even under assumptions of self-interested rationality. Under a set of specified social and environmental conditions, conditions that prevail in large areas of the Himalayas and may also exist in other mountain regions, community institutions are more efficient in managing resources than either private individuals or the central government. In advancing this argument, the paper undermines the often dogmatic belief in the universal superiority of private forms of ownership and management.     

对财务经济分析体系发展的初探

随着我国社会主义市场经济体制的建立和发展,企业将面临着一个日益完善的市场经济体系,这就要求企业的行为要更加规范。于是能够评价、分析企业盈利能力、生存能力、发展能力等各项指标的财务分析体系,就显得尤为重要了。本文主要从现行条件下财务分析体系入手,从财务分析体系的内容和发展前景两个方面,阐述了对财务分析体系发展的几点初步认识。     

流域管理:权力产权的外部性问题

水资源的自然、经济和社会属性要求政府对流域的开发和利用进行管理,以解决个体使用者的外部性问题.但实际上由于政府并不是只有单一目标的统一组织,在分权体制下,不同区域、部门的政府单元掌握着实际权力.由于权力也存在外部性,各管理区域、部门之间存在利益冲突,导致政府的管理失效.解决政府权力外部性的办法:一是要转变政府职能,改变政府的激励机制;二是严格界定各政府单元的权力界限,对流域进行统一管理.     

聚合硅酸硫酸铝铁的制备与应用

在n(Fe A1)／n(Si)为0．5～1．0、n(Al)／n(Fe)为2．5～3．0、SiO2质量分数为2．3％、硅酸钠溶液的活化pH为5．5、硅酸钠溶液的活化时间为12min或SiO2的质量分数为2．0％、硅酸钠溶液的活化pH为6．0、硅酸钠溶液的活化时间为3min的条件下，制备出的聚合硅酸硫酸铝铁对废水的除浊效果最佳，除浊率大于98％。     

Evaluation of thermal reaction for two azo compounds by using 20-L apparatus and calorimetry

Azo compounds are widely involved in the industrial processes of dyes, pigments, initiators, and blowing agents. Unfortunately, these compounds have a bivalent unstable –NN– composition, which can be readily broken when the ambient temperature is elevated. Self-accelerating decomposition might cause a runaway reaction and lead to a fire, explosion, or leakage when the cooling system fails or other events occur. This study investigated the explosion properties, thermal stability parameters, and thermal hazard and mechanism of 2,2′–azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and 2,2′–azobis–2–methylbutyronitrile (AMBN). We used a 20-L apparatus, vent sizing package 2, synchronous thermal analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry under explosive, adiabatic, and dynamic conditions to acquire the explosive curves, thermal curves, and thermodynamic parameters of the substances. Moreover, the differential isoconversional method (Friedman method) and ASTM E698 equation were employed to obtain the apparent activation energy E_a. All the experimental results revealed that AIBN is more dangerous than AMBN. The E_a of AIBN was lower than that of AMBN. The results can be used to construct an azo compound thermal hazard database for use for searches and reference examples by industry and related research areas.     

Evaluation of a recycling process for printed circuit board by physical separation and heat treatment

Printed circuit boards (PCBs) from discarded personal computer (PC) and hard disk drive were crushed by explosion in water or mechanical comminution in order to disintegrate the attached parts. More parts were stripped from PCB of PC, composed of epoxy resin; than from PCB of household appliance, composed of phenol resin.In an attempt to raise the copper grade of PCB by removing other components, a carbonization treatment was investigated. The crushed PCB without surface-mounted parts was carbonized under a nitrogen atmosphere at 873–1073 K. After screening, the char was classified by size into oversized pieces, undersized pieces and powder. The copper foil and glass fiber pieces were liberated and collected in undersized fraction. The copper foil was liberated easily from glass fiber by stamping treatment.As one of the mounted parts, the multi-layered ceramic capacitors (MLCCs), which contain nickel, were carbonized at 873 K. The magnetic separation is carried out at a lower magnetic field strength of 0.1 T and then at 0.8 T. In the +0.5 mm size fraction the nickel grade in magnetic product was increased from 0.16% to 6.7% and the nickel recovery is 74%.The other useful mounted parts are tantalum capacitors. The tantalum capacitors were collected from mounted parts. The tantalum-sintered bodies were separated from molded resins by heat treatment at 723–773 K in air atmosphere and screening of 0.5 mm. Silica was removed and 70% of tantalum grade was obtained after more than 823 K heating and separation.Next, the evaluation of Cu recycling in PCB is estimated. Energy consumption of new process increased and the treatment cost becomes 3 times higher comparing the conventional process, while the environmental burden of new process decreased comparing conventional process.The nickel recovery process in fine ground particles increased energy and energy cost comparing those of the conventional process. However, the environmental burden decreased than the conventional one.The process for recovering tantalum used more heat for the treatment and therefore the energy consumption increased by 50%, when comparing with conventional process. However, the market price for tantalum is very large; the profit for tantalum recovery is added. Also the environmental burden decreased by the recycling of tantalum recovery. Therefore, the tantalum recovery is very important step in the PCB recycling. If there is no tantalum, the consumed energy and treatment cost increase in the new process, though the environmental burden decreases.     

含疏松缺陷的ZL205A合金力学性能研究

目的获取含疏松缺陷ZL205A材料主要力学性能参数的变化规律及力学行为。方法通过单轴拉伸实验测试,采用割线法估算含不同等级疏松ZL205A试样的力学性能参数;基于试样断面及载荷-位移曲线分析,归纳ZL205A材料的力学行为,并通过有限元模拟对假设的力学模型进行验证。结果发现ZL205A材料的抗拉强度、伸长率、弹性模量及屈服强度指标呈现随疏松等级增加而降低的趋势,材料变形塑性屈服阶段不明显且具有脆性断裂特征。结论 Ramberg-Osgood方程适合于描述ZL205A材料的弹塑性本构关系。     

污水净化装置内部流场特性分析研究

针对目前城市污水存在悬浮物和砂粒的问题,为了减少砂粒大量存在给后续单元带来的处理压力,设计了一种可实现在加药、絮凝等处理模块前,完成污水内固相悬浮物及颗粒的新型净化装置.基于计算流体动力学软件Fluent,运用混合相模型(Mixture),对新型污水净化装置内部流场特性及分离性能进行数值模拟分析.模拟结果显示新型污水净化装置内部流场分布均匀,分离性能稳定并呈现出了较好的固相去除效果,其中悬浮物的分离效率达90%以上,固相颗粒分离效率达91%.     

北京市不同地区土壤中的球囊霉素荧光特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系

球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白是一种菌根真菌产生的耐热糖蛋白,因其与微生物密切联系而常用来表征土壤的健康状况.由于球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白的提取过程中容易产生干扰物质,影响了这个指标在土壤状态评估方面的进一步应用.本研究采集了北京北部山区,中部城区以及南部郊区的土壤样品,使用三维荧光-平行因子模型技术解析球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白中可溶性有机物的荧光特征,将土壤类球囊霉素蛋白分解为5个荧光组分,分别为微生物源UVC腐殖质类物质、UVA人为来源腐殖质类物质、微生物来源的氧化醌物质、土壤富里酸类物质和类蛋白物质,蛋白质在其中所占比例为0~20%.不同采样区域的荧光特征比较显示,球囊霉素土壤相关土壤蛋白的5个荧光组分总体稳定,与山区相比较,城区和郊区的类蛋白质组分受人类活动影响降低,氧化醌类物质组分含量升高.不同采样点的理化特征结果显示,以城市建设和耕作为代表的人类活动减少了土壤中的含水率、有机质含量以及总氮含量.比较球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白的荧光特征与土壤理化特征的相关性结果显示,球囊霉素土壤相关蛋白浓度、UVA腐殖质组分、UVC腐殖质组分与土壤有机质含量、总氮含量显著相关,具有表征土壤健康状况的潜力.