油品储罐H_2S对铁锈腐蚀产物自燃性研究

为了分析有氧条件下H2S对铁锈腐蚀产物的自燃性,模拟含硫油品储罐中铁锈(Fe2O3:75%;Fe(OH)3:7%;Fe3O4:18%)在有氧条件下与H2S气体的反应试验。将铁锈与H2S气体、O2按不同比例混合形成的混合物进行反应,再进行所得产物的氧化反应。采用X射线衍射分析法鉴定混合气体与铁锈的反应产物,并研究不同初始O2体积分数下的混合气体与铁锈的反应及其产物的再氧化反应,通过温度变化评价铁锈与H2S气体反应产物的自燃性。结果表明,在有氧条件下,H2S对铁锈腐蚀产物主要是FeS;随着初始O2体积分数的增加,铁锈与H2S的反应伴随其产物的氧化反应,HS对铁锈腐蚀产物的量减小,这种产物再氧化自燃性降低。     

液化天然气储罐火灾爆炸事故的定量分析

介绍了某天然气站的基本情况,利用道化学指数评价法,对该站储罐区的1个3000m3球罐进行风险评价,评价结果表明：该罐火灾爆炸指数为149.1,危险等级是较大。一旦罐内天然气在储存过程中发生火灾、爆炸,将使半径38.17m内,面积4574.82m2内的设备、设施受到损害,最大可能财产损失为0.66A万元。由于罐区采取了一些安全措施对储罐安全进行补偿,有效地降低了事故损失。为操作管理者更加全面地了解整个罐区的风险状况提供参考,有利于天然气储罐区的规划、管理及事故预防等。     

ON THE CAPACITY-EXPANSION OF DESALINATION PLANTS AND STORAGE TANKS1

ABSTRACT A mathematical programming model is structured to find the optimal time and capacity expansion path of desalination plants and storage tanks for a hypothetical community which depends on desalination as its sole, or major, water supply source. The objective is to determine the least costly combination of sues and times of installation (of both desalting plants and storage tanks) which can meet a rising water demand over a finite planning horizon. The optimality criterion used in the model is based on two major economic elements: the economies of scale inherent in such facilities and the time-value of money represented by the interest rate, the former favoring large capacities and the latter small capacities. The model is applied using three population growth patterns and two interest rates. The water demand components for every year in the planning period are computed using empirical formulas which are based on population and other basic data. The model is solved for each of the above cases with the aid of a computer program based on the method of feasible conjugate directions. The results clearly reflect the balance between the economies of scale and the time-value of money under every demand growth function.     

SEPTAGE QUALITY AND ITS EFFECT ON FIELD LIFE FOR LAND APPLICATIONS1

ABSTRACT: Maintenance of the more than 24 million septic tanks in the U.S. requires removal and disposal of septage. Disposal options include application to agricultural lands where the nutrients and organic matter can provide soil benefits. However, pathogens and contaminants are also contained in septage. An extensive search turned up very few data on septage quality, and those reveal high variability. The data used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in developing regulations had the lowest metal concentrations among the nine data sets that could be compared. Based on these data, EPA assumed that septage could be applied to agricultural land for more than 100 applications before reaching unacceptable cumulative loading of metals. They thus did not establish federal standards for metals in septage, and no monitoring is required under federal rules governing septage disposal. Analysis of the nine data sets we found showed that field site life would be reached in less than 100 applications for most septage and cumulative loading limits established by EPA for sewage sludges will be exceeded in 16 applications for some septage as opposed to the 100 application estimate used by EPA. Determination of acceptable cumulative loading depends on numerous technical and policy considerations. All septage sources reached the more restrictive loading limits such as those established by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) and the recommendations in Cornell publications in less than 100 applications. In one case the cumulative limit for copper was exceeded in a single application. These findings suggest additional data are needed on septage quality and that the federal and state agencies responsible for regulating application of septage to agricultural land should reassess their standards.     

考虑液固耦合储液罐非线性地震反应分析

利用ADINA有限元软件研究了考虑液固耦合的立式圆筒形锚固储液罐非线性地震反应.通过分析计算1000m3储液罐自振特性,储液罐的加速度峰值沿罐壁高度变化趋势,罐壁的应力分布等反应,初步揭示其破坏机理,分析结果为储液罐的抗震设计提供重要的参考依据.     

抚顺市上马乡生活污水处理项目

本项目处理上马乡两座住宅楼所产生的生活污水,出水为了达到排放标准,减小对周边环境的污染,推荐选用新型地埋式微动力处理设备,该套设备是以改良有动力地埋式处理设备为基础、发展形成的。     

声发射在油田常压储罐检测中的应用

介绍了声发射检测技术的基本原理和特点,针对油田在用常压储罐检验存在的问题,应用德国VALLENAMSY-5声发射仪对油田在用的常压储罐罐底进行了检测,对现场检验情况和实测数据进行分析,根据现场检验存在的问题,提出了常压储罐声发射检测研究的下一步工作打算。     

The trouble with tanks: unsettling dominant Australian urban water management paradigms

Over the course of Australia's Millennium Drought, urban water managers gained more appreciation of householders' willingness and capacities to respond to water shortages and restrictions, including by installing rainwater tanks (RWTs) for watering gardens. How urban water managers regard tanks and tank users gives insight into their understandings of social sustainability, as found in interviews conducted in 2006 and 2010. These also revealed a growing distance between policymakers and water providers pursuing a broader approach to sustainability in their communities. The RWT is considered here as a limit case for paradigms of urban water management: it challenges conventional distinctions (such as provider/consumer) and heralds a new hydropolitics. These challenges are discussed as seven kinds of trouble with tanks: (1) incompatibility with the management model and vision of modernity enshrined in the ideal of centralised provision in control of accredited water experts; (2) anxieties about control and risk aroused by these private on-site facilities and their non-expert users; (3) equivocation over their environmental effects, normally assessed in hydrological terms that downplay the benefits of green streetscapes; (4) inexplicability of their popularity within dominant economically rationalist models of customers; (5) educational effects that exceed rationalist, individualist models of learning and require more socially realistic, culturally intelligent and practice-oriented approaches; (6) generation of enthusiasms that are spurned as threats to rationality instead of harnessed to energise the sustainability journey and (7) community-building effects that are unthinkable within the neoliberal customer paradigm but graspable to water managers through lay concepts like “dinner table conversations”.     

Seismic risk assessment of liquid overtopping in a steel storage tank equipped with a single deck floating roof

Major earthquakes have demonstrated that Natech events can be triggered by liquid overtopping in liquid storage tanks equipped with floating roofs. Thus, research on the dynamic behaviour of steel storage tanks with floating roofs is still required. In this paper, the seismic risk against liquid overtopping in a real steel storage tank with a floating roof was analysed using a simplified model that was validated by a refined finite element model based on the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian approach. The simplified model utilizes the Lagrangian of a floating roof-fluid system and is capable of providing a response history of the floating roof. It was demonstrated that it could predict the maximum vertical displacement very accurately, while some differences were observed in the response history of vertical displacement. The computational time for a single response history analysis based on the simplified model amounted to a few minutes, which is significantly less demanding compared to hours required for response history analysis in the case of the refined FE model. The simplified model is thus appropriate for the seismic fragility analysis considering the overtopping limit state. It is shown that the fragility curves are significantly affected by the liquid filling level. The risk for liquid overtopping is quite high in the case of a full tank. However, by considering the variation of filling level during the year, the overtopping risk was observed reduced by approximately 30%. Alternatively, the approximate fragility analysis for the liquid overtopping can be performed by utilizing the Eurocode formula for the vertical displacement of liquid. This approach is straightforward, but the formula does not account for the higher mode effects, which may result in overestimated seismic intensity causing overtopping, as discussed in the paper.     

五箱一体化活性污泥工艺循环周期设置研究

五箱一体化活性污泥工艺采取交替运行方式,不需要污泥和混合液回流,良好的循环周期设置对系统至关重要,通过试验研究对不同循环周期设置时的处理效果进行了比较,对主体段进水池状态进行了跟踪试验,结果表明,在水力停留时间和泥龄分别为13 h、18 d的条件下,主体段按120 min设置时能形成良好的厌氧释磷条件,磷的释放率达到0.88 gP/kg MLSS·h,主体段、过渡段和沉淀段分别按120、60和60 min的周期设置时TP、TN的去除率达到90%以上.