生物流化床处理含硫污水净化水的探讨

主要从生物流化床小试装置的建立、运行启动、载体和停留时间的选择以及相关的问题进行了试验探讨．     

浅谈化粪池的安全问题与对策

根据化粪池建造、管理、使用的现状,分析了其安全事故发生的原因,并从事故原因入手,探讨了规避和减少化粪池安全事故的有效途径。     

Performance analysis of on-farm irrigation tanks on agricultural drainage water reuse and treatment

Water reuse and pollutant removal efficiency analysis of the on-farm irrigation tanks (OFTs) was carried out in rice paddy field region of Zhanghe Irrigation District, Southern China through field experiments during the rice growing season of 2009–2011. Water flow measurements indicate that 20.6–68.9% of drainage water captured by OFTs was reused for supplemental irrigation. Rainfall was the most important factor that determines the water reuse efficiency (WRR) of OFTs, since higher rainfall resulted in higher surplus irrigation water draining out of OFTs without reuse, and thus decreased WRR. Fully using the storage capacity for storing return flow, and releasing totally for supplemental irrigation also enhanced WRR of OFTs. Water quality analysis shows that OFTs removed 47.2% of total phosphorous (TP) and 60.8% of total nitrogen (TN) of inflow and have a great effect on increasing sedimentation for return flow as the mean of removal efficiency of pollutant load (REL) for suspended solids (SS) amounted to 68.4%. For water treatment effectiveness of OFTs, high hydraulic retention time (HRT) is most beneficial to increase REL of TN whereas REL of TP is not sensitive to HRT. These results confirm that OFTs can effectively increase agricultural return flow reuse and remove pollutants. As the cascade OFTs irrigation system recycle return flow for several times, the irrigation water demand from outside of region was reduced significantly for rice production. Coupling with the effect of cyclic irrigation on the nutrients recycling by paddy fields, OFTs irrigation system also considerably mitigate the N and P off-site emission. Therefore, it is advisable to integrate the role of OFTs on water reuse and treatment for water saving irrigation and ecological management of paddy fields landscape.     

坦克铁路输送纵向滑移条件的分析与确定

针对坦克进行铁路输送时易发生纵向滑移问题,分析了坦克铁路输送的特殊性,研究了坦克在铁路平车上滑移的条件,提出了实验方案,并对所建立的模型结合实际情况进行讨论,为坦克铁路输送采取安全措施提出了理论依据。     

运用PLC技术构建储油罐消防系统的自动控制

介绍了运用PLC技术构建储油罐消防系统自动控制的工作原理和过程,说明了PLC技术在储油罐消防系统的自动控制中应用的技术特点及应用效果.     

化粪池排口处土壤对典型农户生活污水氮素污染物的消减测算研究

原位采集太湖流域平原河网地区典型农户化粪池排口处的表层土壤及化粪池出水,人工模拟研究区域的典型降水(夏季30 mm·次-1、冬季5 mm·次-1)、气温(夏季27℃、冬季5℃)条件以及排污负荷进行室内模拟土柱实验,测算不同季节、不同天气过程(雨前7 d、雨天3 d、雨后7 d)化粪池排口处土壤对农村生活污水氮素污染物的消减率/增加率,并探讨其消减增加规律.结果表明,排污口土壤TN、NH+4-N消减率、NO-3-N增加率均存在显著的季节性差异(P<0.05);夏季TN消减率、NO-3-N增加率在不同天气过程(雨前、雨天、雨后)存在显著差异(P<0.01),而夏季NH+4-N消减率和冬季TN、NH+4-N消减率、NO-3-N增加率则无显著差异(P>0.05);因此,TN、NH+4-N消减率和NO-3-N增加率均需按季节进行划分,夏季TN消减率、NO-3-N增加率还需按天气过程进行划分,夏季雨前、雨天、雨后分别为38.5%、-25.0%、46.0%和478.1%、913.8%、382.0%,而夏季NH+4-N消减率和冬季TN、NH+4-N消减率、NO-3-N增加率则无需按天气过程进行划分,分别为91.5%、50.4%、85.5%和276.0%;夏季雨前、雨天及雨后TN消减率与NH+4-N消减率不相关,但与NO-3-N增加率呈显著负相关,冬季土壤中TN的稳定蓄积是冬季雨前、雨天及雨后TN消减率无显著性差异并保持较高水平的重要原因,且其与NH+4-N在土壤中的稳定蓄积密切相关.     

Community acceptance of policy options for managing the maintenance of rainwater tanks

This research examined community acceptance of policy instruments that could be used to promote ongoing maintenance of domestic rainwater tank systems. Using an online survey of 533 tank owners in South East Queensland, Australia, the research investigated four sets of factors that influence policy acceptance: features of the policy, judgements of policy fairness and effectiveness, contextual framing, and individual attitudes and motivations towards tank maintenance. An experimental design incorporating choice modelling was employed. Results demonstrated that perceptions of policy fairness and effectiveness are important to acceptance. Policies that include enabling features associate with increased perceptions of effectiveness, and policies that use incentives are linked to increased perceptions of both fairness and effectiveness. Individual attitudes and motivations regarding tank maintenance were significant predictors of policy support. Perceptions of a person's own ability to undertake tank maintenance tasks were negative predictors of policy intervention, suggesting that people who believe they can carry out maintenance themselves may not see the need for a policy that encourages tank maintenance to exist. The findings are discussed in relation to issues of policy design.     

广州市旧城区取消化粪池的可行性研究

广州市在其旧城区主要采用合流制排水体制,化粪池带来的社会环境问题越来越严重。论述了国内外在取消化粪池方面的发展和广州市化粪池使用现状,探讨了广州市旧城区实施取消化粪池的可行性,分析了广州市旧城区取消化粪池的利弊因素,并给出了结论和建议。     

基于Tanks 4.0.9d模型的石化储罐VOCs排放定量方法研究

石化储罐VOCs排放是石化行业重要的VOCs排放源之一.为了掌握石化储罐VOCs的排放情况,研究了基于Tanks4.0.9d模型计算各种类型储罐VOCs排放量的方法,并对卧式固定顶罐、立式固定顶罐、内浮顶罐和外浮顶罐的VOCs排放量进行了实例计算.同时,探讨了在国内使用Tanks 4.0.9d模型时需要考虑的所在地气象数据、储罐密封情况、储存物质的参数选择及参数单位换算问题.Tanks 4.0.9d模型可以作为一种方便且准确性较高的石化储罐VOCs排放定量方法在国内推广使用.