内循环厌氧反应器处理十溴联苯醚

在中低温厌氧条件下,采用IC厌氧反应器降解BDE-209废水。结果表明:在温度为18～30℃,反应器运行62 d,第14天反应器出现颗粒污泥,随着运行时间和容积负荷的增加,颗粒污泥的粒径不断增大。当进水ρ(COD)为11 000 mg/L,控制HRT为24 h,COD容积负荷为11.7 kg/(m3.d)时,COD去除率稳定在70%以上,BDE-209降解效率达26.8%。     

生物膜系统中部分反硝化实现特性

以移动床生物膜反应器（moving-bed biofilm reactor,MBBR）为例,考察生物膜系统中部分反硝化NO₂^--N积累特性,并通过耦合厌氧氨氧化验证生物膜系统中部分反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化（partial denitrification with anaerobic ammonium oxidation,PD+ANAMMOX）工艺的可行性.结果表明,在C/N为3.0,填充率为20%的条件下,经过40 d的富集培养,实现部分反硝化,NO₂^--N积累率达（69.38±3.53）%;接种生物膜NO₃^--N还原酶（nitrate reductase,NAR）活性为0.03 μmol·（min·mg）^-1,NO₂^--N还原酶（nitrite reductase,NIR）活性为0.18 μmol·（min·mg）^-1,富集培养后生物膜NAR活性增至0.45 μmol·（min·mg）^-1,NIR活性降至0.02 μmol·（min·mg）^-1,从酶学角度验证了部分反硝化实现;高通量测序结果显示,Thauera属从0.3%增加至37.27%,在微生物群落中占主导地位,该菌属被认为是部分反硝化过程的主要功能菌.随后与厌氧氨氧化耦合,出水总氮达（6.41±1.50） mg·L^-1,总氮去除率达（88.16±2.71）%,证明了生物膜系统中PD+ANAMMOX的可行性及稳定性.     

pH值对SBR单级好氧生物除磷的影响

在2个序批式反应器(R1、R2)中,以合成废水为对象,研究了不同pH值(R1:pH 8±0.2; R2:pH 7±0.2)对单级好氧生物除磷的影响;并通过比较周期中主要储能物质的变化,探讨了产生不同除磷效果的原因.结果表明,R1与R2均具有较高除磷性能, R1与R2中的平均去除率分别为94.9%,83.5%,pH值对SBR单级好氧生物除磷有一定的影响.导致R1具有较高除磷性能的原因是其对聚磷的依赖程度更大.好氧段R1糖原积累量低于R2(R1为1.42mmol/g, R2为1.55mmol/g),但降解量却高于R2(分别为1.41,1.19mmol/g);静置期,R1中糖原无明显变化,R2中则观察到明显的糖原降解.R1与R2均有明显的释磷现象, R1释磷量高于R2(释磷量分别为9.65,7.33mg/L).整个周期中,R1中PHA 无明显变化,而R2中则在好氧段有少量减少,静置期有少量上升.     

加压溶氧光催化反应器降解活性艳红X-3B

探讨了加压溶氧条件对活性艳红X-3B的降解与脱色的作用,考察了加压条件下pH值,TiO2投加量及温度等对活性艳红X-3B降解的影响.结果表明,加压条件与常压条件下变化趋势基本一致.加压充氧有助于活性艳红X-3B的降解与脱色,加压充N2对反应基本没有作用,说明增加活度不是关键因素,加压使溶液中溶解氧增加是导致活性艳红X-3B降解与脱色的主要原因.光催化降解过程,发色基团最易被打碎,60min内降解效果显著,而萘环和苯环降解效果不十分明显.CODCr的降解与色度的褪除成正相关,脱色率越高,COD的降解率也越高.     

油松叶绿体DNA间隔序列特点及系统学意义

对全国分布区12个天然油松种群进行取样,测定了叶绿体DNAtrnT-trnL、trnS-trnG、trnL-trnF基因间隔序列,分析了序列碱基组成特点及在松科系统分类中的意义.测序结果显示,3个片段碱基序列均富含A/T,长度依次为448bp、636bp和421bp,所测片段在种群水平上十分保守,没有发现具有种内鉴别意义的碱基变异.但此片段适合于松科属间和种间的系统学分析,运用PHYLIP软件构建松科植物的邻接系统树,支持松科分为两个亚科的分类系统,拓扑结构表明松属与银杉属的关系最近.由于叶绿体DNA序列长度适中,扩增和测序较为容易,适合作为研究松科植物系统进化较为理想的分子标记.图2表2参24     

Nitrogen-retaining property of compost in an aerobic thermophilic composting reactor for the sanitary disposal of human feces

Aerobic composting is a method for the sanitary disposal of human feces as is used in bio-toilet systems. As the products of composting can be utilized as a fertilizer, it would be beneficial if the composting conditions could be more precisely controlled for the retention of fecal nitrogen as long as possible in the compost. In this study, batch experiments were conducted using a closed aerobic thermophilic composting reactor with sawdust as the bulk matrix to simulate the condition of a bio-toilet for the sanitary disposal of human feces. Attention was paid to the characteristics of nitrogen transformation. Under the controlled conditions of temperature at 60°C, moisture content at 60%,anda continuous air supply, more than 70% fecal organic removal was obtained, while merely 17% fecal nitrogen loss was observed over a two-week composting period. The nitrogen loss was found to occur mainly in the first 24 h with the rapid depletion of inorganic nitrogen but with an almost unchanged organic nitrogen content. The fecal NH₄-N which was the main component of the inorganic nitrogen ( > 90%) decreased rapidly in the first day, decreased at a slower rate over the following days, and finally disappeared entirely. The depletion of NH₄-N was accompanied by the accumulation of NH₃ gas in the ammonia absorber connected to the reactor. A mass balance between the exhausted NH₃ gas and the fecal NH₄-N content in the first 24 hours indicated that the conversion of ammonium into gaseous ammonia was the main reason for nitrogen loss. Thermophilic composting could be considered as a way to keep a high organic nitrogen content in the compost for better utilization as a fertilizer.     

阴极材料对三相三维电极反应器电解处理酸性橙7的影响研究

采用具有不同阴极材料的三相三维电极反应器,对300 mg/L酸性橙7(AO7)模拟废水进行处理研究,重点考察阴极材料对脱色率和反应体系矿化能力的影响,同时利用HPLC、UV-Vis、GC-MS等分析方法对·OH、H2O2以及降解产物进行测定,探讨了3种电极对AO7的降解行为.结果表明,在电压20 V条件下电解60 min后,活性炭纤维(ACF)、石墨和不锈钢等3种阴极体系对于AO7的脱色率均高于96%,三者之间没有明显差别.但是ACF体系对TOC的去除率可达到57.4%,高于其它两者.3种阴极体系中均有高活性的·OH和H2O2生成,但是ACF阴极体系中产生的浓度较高,从而决定了其具有较高的矿化能力.几种不同电极体系电解AO7过程中都遵循了相同的产生酮类和萘酚类物质的过程.     

Enhanced biological nutrient removal by the alliance of a heterotrophic nitrifying strain with a nitrogen removing ecosystem

Nitrogen removal from synthetic wastewater was investigated in an airlift bioreactor （ALB）, augmented with a novel heterotrophic nitrifier Pseudonocardia ammonioxydans H9^T under organic carbon to nitrogen ratios （Corg/N） ranging from 0 to 12. Effect of the inoculated strain was also determined on the settling properties and the removal of chemical oxygen demand （COD）. Two laboratory scale reactors were set up to achieve a stable nitrifying state under the same physicochemical conditions of hydraulic retention time （HRT）, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen （DO）, and operated under the sequencing batch mode. The level of DO was kept at 0.5- 1.5 mg/L by periodic stirring and aeration. Each specific Corg/N ratio was continued for duration of 3 weeks. One of the reactors （BR2） was inoculated with P ammonioxydans H9^T periodically at the start of each Corg/N ratio. Sludge volumetric index （SVI） improved with the increasing Corg/N ratio, but no significant difference was detected between the two reactors. BR2 showed higher levels of nitrogen removal with the increasing heterotrophic conditions, and the ammonia removal reached to the level of 82%-88%, up to10% higher than that in the control reactor （BR1） at Corg/N ratios higher than 6; however, the ammonia removal level in experimental reactor was up to 8% lower than that in control reactor at Corg/N ratios lower than 2. The COD removal efficiency progressively increased with the increasing Corg/N ratios in both of the reactors. The COD removal percentage up to peak values of 88%-94% in BR2, up to 11% higher than that in BR1 at Corg/N ratio higher than 4. The peak values of ammonia and COD removal almost coincided with the highest number （18%-27% to total bacterial number） of the exogenous bacterium in the BR2, detected as colony forming units （CFU）. Furthermore, the removal of ammonia and COD in BR2 was closely related to the number of the inoculated strain with a coefficient index （R2） up to 0.82 and 0.85 for ammonia and     

新型堆肥生物反应器人粪便堆肥功效的评价

利用以锯末为载体的Bio-Lux S15型生态卫生设备,对人粪便进行了连续性堆肥实验,考察了BOD5、粪大肠菌和蛔虫卵的灭活以及最终产品N、P和K等肥料成分的含量。实验结果表明,最初30 d,BOD5的累积去除率由27%快速增加到50%,之后的30 d维持在50%左右,随后下降至40%左右。生态卫生设备中维持50-60℃的温度是杀灭粪便病原微生物的适宜条件,可保证粪便投入后在24 h内,粪大肠菌的灭活率达到99.99%,蛔虫卵的灭活率在2 h内达100%。对反应周期内载体的N、P和K等肥料成分的分析结果表明,反应过程中3种肥分都持续积累,在反应末期,按TN、P2O5和K2O计算的3种肥分最终分别达到25.1、123.4和2.0 g/kg,基本上达到了农用肥料的国家标准,表明以锯末为载体的反应器具有良好的堆肥效果。     

内循环移动床生物膜反应器的研究与应用

对传统移动床生物膜反应器进行改进,开发了内循环移动床生物膜反应器,通过处理模拟生活污水的研究,考察了反应器去除有机物和脱氮的能力。结果表明,在填料投加率为35%、进水COD为200～800mg/L、HRT为6h、有机负荷为0.8～3.2kg/(m.3d)的条件下,系统COD的去除率在89%以上;同时反应器具有良好的同步硝化反硝化脱氮能力,在DO为2.0mg/L、C/N为25、HRT为6h的条件下,NH4-N和TN的平均去除率分别可以达到98%和93%。另外,内循环移动床生物膜反应器与移动床生物膜反应器的对比实验结果表明,前者对COD和氮的去除效果都优于后者。