One independent variable rate equation describing utilization of biodegradable organic matter in activated sludge processes

This investigation aims to represent aerobic utilization of biodegradable organic matter present in wastewater by a rate equation. This rate equation can then be used to develop a substrate utilization (removal) kinetic model for unsteady state activated sludge process. To achieve this objective, theoretical utilization of biodegradable organic matter in batch process and growth pattern theory were studied. Also, experimental data representing removal of organic matter in different types of wastewaters were collected and analyzed for batch and continuous activated sludge assays. A rate equation was proposed to describe the utilization of biodegradable organic matter based on theoretical analysis of batch process. This rate equation was then verified through differential and integral analysis of the experimental data. Furthermore, a substrate kinetic model for batch and continuous processes was developed. The developed rate equation will facilitate the analysis and design of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) technology for biological treatment of wastewater.     

甲烷为唯一电子供体驱动硝酸盐/亚硝酸生物还原及微生物群落结构分析

反硝化厌氧甲烷微生物生长缓慢、倍增时间长,难以在短时间内成功富集.为快速大量富集以甲烷为唯一电子供体的硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐还原微生物,选择甲烷通量适宜的中空纤维膜材料并设计高效无泡曝气膜生物膜反应器（MBfR）.在反应器运行初期,两个反应器分别手动添加200 mg·L^-1的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐,两个反应器进行闭合自循环的76 d内,均可在10 d内将200 mg·L^-1的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐完全去除.稳定后,200 mg·L^-1硝酸盐可在2 d之内全部还原,还原速率略快于亚硝酸盐.在MBfR运行第77~124 d,改为序批式生物反应器方式运行,两个反应器内反硝化速率均可达到50 mg·L^-1·d^-1,表明以甲烷为唯一电子供体驱动的反硝化微生物成功富集并挂膜.在微生物富集过程MBfR出水中均检出挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）,以硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐为电子受体的反应器最高VFAs含量分别可达948 mg·L^-1和997 mg·L^-1.高通量测序结果发现,以硝酸盐为电子受体的反应器内产酸菌Propionispora和Proteiniphilum的丰度可以达到39.1%和3.1%,而在以亚硝酸盐作为电子受体时,产酸菌Propionispora和Proteiniphilum丰度分别为80.9%和2.4%,是反应器内部的优势菌属.而异养反硝化菌Pseudomonas在两组微生物富集阶段均具有较高丰度.由此推测在本研究中甲烷为唯一电子供体驱动的硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐生物还原过程由VFAs作为中间产物介导完成.本研究结果可为推进污水脱氮技术的发展提供参考.     

一种新型流管反应器的设计与表征

介绍了一种用于气溶胶生成机制研究的流管反应器（Jiao-FTR,J-FTR）的设计及表征.借助计算流体力学（CFD）模拟和实验测定,表征了不同进气结构和实验条件下反应器内流场的发展及稳定,移动进气管的喷射效应以及气体和颗粒物在反应器内的平均停留时间.结果表明,预混合段进气方式,主流流量,移动进气管结构及注入流量对J-FTR的流场发展以及气体和颗粒物的停留时间具有较大影响;J-FTR的预混合进气段具有使主流快速过渡为层流的优势,在对称进气条件下,当主流流量不超过8L/min,气流在进入主反应段之前可发展为稳定的层流;当移动进气管使用大内径的直管或径面十字型结构时,可以有效减小或避免移动进气管的喷射效应.以上结果不仅可为使用J-FTR开展大气化学和气溶胶生成机制研究提供重要的实验指导,也可为其他研究者设计FTR,进行流管实验提供借鉴.     

热等离子体技术在树脂废气处理中的应用

采用热等离子体技术处理佛山三水力泉树脂制品有限公司生产过程中产生的甲醇、甲苯等有机废气(反应器使用二箱蓄热式反应器),有效利用了VOCs废气焚烧产生的余热,废气经处理后,转化为CO、CO_2和H_2O等小分子气体。经第三方检测机构监测,甲苯平均去除率达到95.7%,VOCs总烃的平均去除率达到93.1%,其排放浓度达GB 16297—1996《大气污染物综合排放标准》的要求。采用热等离子体技术处理树脂生产过程中产生的有机废气,年运行费用在15.7万元左右。     

Thermal risk in batch reactors: Case of peracetic acid synthesis

The present paper deals with accidents risk in batch reactors. It identifies the conditions for the occurrence of a thermal runaway and develops a probabilistic approach to assess the relevant risk. It investigates also the conditions for optimal synthesis of peracetic acid (PAA) with hydrogen peroxide (HP) and acetic acid (AA). The kinetic model of reversible reaction and side reaction of PAA synthesis is used to predict reactor temperature and molar ratio of PAA by ASPEN PLUS software. A sensitivity analysis is performed under different conditions such as constant temperature or adiabatic process with different concentrations of sulfuric acid. Assuming a prior cooling system failure, the conditions for reaction runaway triggering a thermal accident are identified in the case of PAA synthesis. Monte Carlo simulations are used in order to calculate the conditional probability of accident and optimize the synthesis of PAA.     

脉冲电晕法藕合Ca(OH)2固体吸收处理四氯乙烯废气研究

采用线-筒式脉冲电晕反应器对四氯乙烯去除效果进行了研究.结果表明,四氯乙烯去除率随电压的增大而增大.在氮气中加入氧气,四氯乙烯降解效果低于纯氮气下的降解效果.四氯乙烯在氮气下的主要气相产物为Cl_2和少量的CCl_4.当氧气加入后,四氯乙烯主要降解为CO_2、CO、COCl_2、O_3和C_2Cl_4O.为了去除有害中间产物,在反应器中加入Ca(OH)_2固体吸收剂,这明显提高了有害中间产物的去除,存在水汽及含Ca(OH)_2固体吸收剂时并未检测到COCl_2、O_3和有害中间产物C_2Cl_4O,但水汽不利于四氯乙烯去除.     

厌氧氨氧化工艺的启动及有机物浓度对其影响研究

鉴于反硝化菌与厌氧氨氧化菌具有相似的生理特性,采用CSTR反应器研究了以异养反硝化污泥启动厌氧氨氧化系统的可行性,并考察了其对高氨氮废水的处理潜能。反应器运行170 d后,试验结果表明,此方法可快速培育出具有厌氧氨氧化活性的污泥,NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的去除率分别可达99.20%和99.69%。在此基础上考察了有机物浓度对厌氧氨氧化性能的影响,结果表明:低浓度(ρ(COD)≤150 mg/L)有机物可促进厌氧氨氧化活性,而高浓度(ρ(COD)≥200 mg/L)有机物抑制厌氧氨氧化进程,该系统最适ρ(COD)/ρ(NH_4~+-N)为2.14,此时NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的去除率分别为99.41%和99.65%。     

Acardiac anomaly: current issues in prenatal assessment and treatment

Acardiac anomaly is a rare condition affecting monochorionic multiple pregnancies. We review this condition with emphasis on its prenatal diagnostic features and treatment options. Due to the parasitic hemodynamic dependence of the acardiac twin on the pump twin, it is important to monitor the pump twin for signs of decompensation and, if indicated, intervene by interrupting vascular supply to the acardiac twin. The goal of treatment is to maximize the pump-twin's chance of survival. To assist with the decision of when to treat, we suggest a new classification system based on prognostic factors, specifically the size and growth of the acardiac twin and the cardiovascular condition of the pump twin. When the acardiac twin is small and no signs of cardiovascular impairment in the pump twin are present, we suggest serial ultrasound surveillance to detect any worsening of the condition. In cases with a large acardiac twin or rapid growth of the acardiac mass, we recommend prompt intervention. Once treatment is indicated, the intrafetal approach to interrupt the vascular supply to the acardiac twin appears to be superior to cord occlusion techniques as it is simpler, safer and more effective. The first line of treatment, if available, should be ultrasound-guided laser coagulation or radiofrequency ablation of the intrafetal vessels. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

流化床光催化氧化处理印染废水中试研究

设计了1种流化床光催化氧化中试处理系统,制备了一种负载型TiO₂光催化剂.以高压汞灯为光源,选用难降解偶氮染料4BS和高分子化学浆料CMC配制的模拟印染废水为处理对象,考察了初始pH值、初始浓度以及光助催化剂H₂O₂浓度、Fe₃₊浓度对光催化降解效果的影响,并对有关的光催化反应动力学规律进行了探讨.结果表明,本工艺系统对配制的印染废水有较好的处理效果,光照74min色度去除率可超过80%,光照150min COD去除率可超过70%,BOD₅/COD可提高至0.4以上.     

生石灰循环快速流态化烟气脱硫反应器稳态粒子模型的研究

介绍了一套按快速床设计(气速约2 m/s)建设的生石灰循环流态化反应装置上开展的冷模研究.通过对石灰颗粒的特性、流态化行为及磨损规律等研究,经过数学推导,建立了床层稳态粒子模型.该模型可在给定生石灰加入量、床料卸出量及生石灰粒径分布的情况下,预测稳态时的床层石灰藏量及其粒径分布,从而将为反应动力学研究提供脱硫剂床层的基础参数,促进这项新工艺的技术开发和工业应用.