Toxicity of Heavy Metals on Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) de Brébisson in Batch Cultures (7 pp)

Background Aquatic environments are often exposed to various pollutants like heavy metals that are released from industrial, agricultural and domestic wastes. Emissions of heavy metals can then enter all ecosystems and bring about severe problems in plants, especially algae depending on the concentrations of a given element. The objective of the investigation presented is to detect toxic effects due to some heavy metals in the biomass of green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda. Methods All experiments were conducted with axenic cultures of the green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) de Brebisson (Chlorococcales, Chlorophyta). The cultures were grown in Chu-no.10 medium, and optimum physical and chemical growth conditions were provided to get higher growth rates and lower doubling times of cells. Growth of the micro algal cultures was measured on a daily schedule by counting cultures and determination of chlorophyll-a. The sterile-filtered heavy metal concentration solutions (Cd, Pb and Cu) were prepared and added as stock solutions of their salts (CdCl2*2.5 H2O, Pb(NO3)2*H2O and CuSO4*5 H2O). Results and Discussion The growth decreased gradually with the alga exposed to Cd at 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 mg/L in comparison with the control whereas 1 mg/L Cd2+ had a clearly destructive effect. The growth was decreased with Pb at 15, 20 and 25 mg/L gradually, while at 30 mg/L the effect was more pronounced. When Cu was used, the growth was increased gradually at 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/L and vice versa at 2 mg/L. Conclusion There were differences in toxic effects of the metals with different metal as well as their concentrations and the time of exposure.     

Decolorization of triphenylmethane dye-bath effluent in an integrated two-stage anaerobic reactor

In the present study, decolorization of a simulated dye waste containing three different triphenylmethane (TPM) dyes--Magenta, Malachite Green and Crystal Violet, was investigated in a laboratory scale, two-stage anaerobic high-rate reactor. The effect of various parameters (influent dye concentration, hydraulic and co-substrate loading rates) on color and COD removal efficiency of the reactor has been studied. It has been shown that the influent dye concentration had little effect on overall COD and color removal efficiency. More than 99% color removal and 96% COD removal efficiency were maintained even at a dye concentration of 500 mg/l and a dye loading rate of 1000 mg/l day. However, a minimum level of glucose as supplementary carbon source is required to maintain the maximum color removal efficiency and it drops appreciably when no glucose is added to the influent. The study also showed that the acidogenic phase of the reaction plays an important role in decolorization of the TPM dyes. In addition, the two-stage anaerobic reactor was observed to have distinct advantages over the single-stage system, as the drop in color and COD removal efficiency of stage 1 are adequately compensated by stage 2 of the reactor especially under high dye loading rates accompanied by low co-substrate loading and under reduced HRTs.     

Some properties of a granular activated carbon-sequencing batch reactor (GAC-SBR) system for treatment of textile wastewater containing direct dyes

Resting (living) bio-sludge from a domestic wastewater treatment plant was used as an adsorbent of both direct dyes and organic matter in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system. The dye adsorption capacity of the bio-sludge was not increased by acclimatization with direct dyes. The adsorption of Direct Red 23 and Direct Blue 201 onto the bio-sludge was almost the same. The resting bio-sludge showed higher adsorption capacity than the autoclaved bio-sludge. The resting bio-sludge that was acclimatized with synthetic textile wastewater (STWW) without direct dyes showed the highest Direct Blue 201, COD, and BOD(5) removal capacities of 16.1+/-0.4, 453+/-7, and 293+/-9 mg/g of bio-sludge, respectively. After reuse, the dye adsorption ability of deteriorated bio-sludge was recovered by washing with 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution. The direct dyes in the STWW were also easily removed by a GAC-SBR system. The dye removal efficiencies were higher than 80%, even when the system was operated under a high organic loading of 0.36kgBOD(5)/m(3)-d. The GAC-SBR system, however, showed a low direct dye removal efficiency of only 57+/-2.1% with raw textile wastewater (TWW) even though the system was operated with an organic loading of only 0.083kgBOD(5)/m(3)-d. The dyes, COD, BOD(5), and total kjeldalh nitrogen removal efficiencies increased up to 76.0+/-2.8%, 86.2+/-0.5%, 84.2+/-0.7%, and 68.2+/-2.1%, respectively, when 0.89 g/L glucose (organic loading of 0.17kgBOD(5)/m(3)-d) was supplemented into the TWW.     

三相生物流化复合反应器中上升区与下降区气含率的关系

在自行设计的新型蜂窝断面三相生物流化复合反应器中进行了气含率的测定,试验结果表明,总平均气含率和上升区气含率均随表观气速的增加呈直线增加;并且随固含率的增加,气含率也相应增加.根据流体力学的连续性原理,推导出了三相生物流化复合反应器中上升区气含率与下降区气含率的理论关系式,并对其中的重要参数a的取值进行了讨论.试验结果上升区气含率与下降区气含率满足直线的关系,说明随着表观气速和气含率升高,上升区实际液速与下降区实际液速的比值(VLr/VLd)没有明显变化.     

水力停留时间对复合式厌氧折流板反应器乙醇型发酵制氢系统的影响

水力停留时间(HRT)是厌氧生物制氢工艺的重要工程参数.以红糖废水为底物,研究了HRT对复合式厌氧折流板反应器(HABR)作为乙醇型发酵制氢系统产氢效能的影响.结果表明,在设定的8~36 h范围内的5个HRT中,当HRT为12 h时,HABR制氢系统的效果最佳,产氢速率为13.86 mmol·(h·L)-1,COD去除率为51.51%,五格室的pH值在4.22~4.47之间,液相主要产物为乙醇和乙酸,第1~5格室乙醇和乙酸的比值分别为1.90、1.94、1.80、1.77、1.91,最佳能量生产为11.11 kJ·(h·L)-1.     

电辅助微生物反应器降解苯并噻唑效能的研究

本研究采用单室电辅助微生物反应器(EAMR)氧化苯并噻唑(BTH),考察了外加电压和COD/BTH对BTH降解效能的影响.结果发现,BTH在阳极氧化降解为2-羟基苯并噻唑(OHBT)后,噻唑环断裂,最终转化为2-甲磺酰基苯胺;BTH的降解过程符合表观一级动力学规律,并且提高外加电压和引入共基质代谢作用均能提高BTH的降解反应速率常数;在外加电压0.7 V和COD/BTH值为30∶1时,48 h后BTH的降解率可以达到96%,实现了BTH类废水的高效脱毒,为后续生物处理创造了有利的条件.     

温度对ABR-MBR复合工艺处理生活污水的影响及其微生物群落分析

将厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)与膜生物反应器(MBR)优化组合(CAMBR)用于处理实际生活污水,研究温度对该反应器处理效能的影响,并采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术对其内部微生物群落结构进行分析.试验水力停留时间为7.5 h、混合液回流比R1为200%,R2为50%、pH为6.5~8.5、溶解氧3 mg·L-1左右.控制3个温度梯度:中温(25℃±5℃),低温(10℃±5℃),高温(35℃±5℃).结果表明系统稳定运行后,温度对系统去除COD的影响很小,COD的去除效果很好.中温和高温环境,系统出水水质较好,TN平均去除率为70%,出水平均浓度为9 mg·L-1,TP平均去除率为73%,出水平均浓度低于0.8 mg·L-1.低温环境,TN平均去除率仅为57%,出水平均浓度为15 mg·L-1;TP平均去除率降至67%,出水平均浓度为1 mg·L-1.DGGE图谱表明,整个试验过程,系统内微生物类群保持多样性分布,同时优势菌群突出;在同一时期内,各反应池菌群相似性较高,但各隔室微环境的改变使得ABR和MBR内微生物菌群结构仍存在明显差异,强化了ABR和MBR的各自功能,有效保证了系统脱氮除磷效果.     

厌氧折流板反应器处理土霉素废水的潜能和运行特性研究

采用固定水力停留时间(HRT)、逐步提高进水土霉素(OTC)浓度的方式,考察了四格室厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)处理土霉素废水的潜能和运行特性,以期为工程实践提供理论指导和技术参考.结果表明,ABR在pH=7.00~7.50、(35±1)℃、HRT=24 h、进水初始COD为2000.0mg·L-1的条件下启动,经49 d的运行,在进水COD为4500.0 mg·L-1、OTC为0.1 g·m-3·d-1、pH=7.20条件下达到了稳定状态,系统COD去除效率稳定在95.0%左右.在维持进水COD和HRT不变的条件下,通过增加进水OTC浓度的方式将OTC的负荷分阶段提高为1.0、3.3和5.0g·m-3·d-1的过程中,ABR对OTC的去除率略有下降,从59.9%降低到了57.7%,而对COD的去除率则始终保持在95%上下.可见,ABR处理土霉素废水具有有效性和运行稳定性,是值得深入研发的土霉素废水处理工艺.