四川西昌盆地下二叠统层序特征及充填模式

四川西昌盆地下二叠统的地层划分对比争议较大,油气勘探程度低。本文通过详细的露头层序地层学研究,结合层序地球化学方法和原理,对西昌盆地下二叠统进行了层序划分和对比,结果表明：西昌盆地下二叠统地层可划分为1 个二级层序、2 个层序组和6 个三级层序;P₁q 层序组构成下二叠统二级层序的LST 和TST,层序4 下部发育的（茅口组底部）凝缩层相当于二级层序的最大海泛面,而P₁m 中上部（包括层序4 中上部、层序5、6）则构成HST;西昌地区下二叠统层序发育形成过程,总体表现为海平面上升和盆地不断向古陆超覆;沉积序列、古氧相含量、锶含量、碳氧同位素和TOC 的变化旋回揭示西昌盆地早二叠世经历了六次三级海平面变化旋回（六个三级层序）,在华南地区乃至全球范围内均可进行对比;建立的层序充填模式揭示出早Hessian 早期全球海平面上升,盆地不断向古陆超覆,奠定了早二叠世西昌海域盆地的轮廓,Roadian 早期海平面上升达到最高位,并沉积一套整个华南均可对比的眼球状灰岩或页状藻灰岩,Capitanian 晚期全球构造海平面下降,结束了西昌地区克拉通盆地的演化阶段。     

IC厌氧反应器在苹果汁废水处理上的应用研究

通过调查运城辖区内永济安德利果蔬汁有限公司生产废水治理现状与特征,分析了对原有废水处理工艺中的UASB厌氧反应器在果汁废水处理应用中存在的缺陷并通过改造后的IC厌氧反应器在果汁废水处理中的处理工艺与原理的探讨,指出了其在实际应用过程中的优势与不足。同时,通过UASB和IC厌氧反应器在处理果汁废水中的各项应用参数进行对照,特别是IC厌氧反应器改造前后水质的对比,从而对IC厌氧反应器在果汁废水处理的应用前景做了些许展望。     

HACH比色法测CODcr在污水批量检测中的应用研究

HACH比色法测CODcr虽有操作简单方便及良好准确性与重复性的优点,但在大批量检测中,检测影响因素还处于不可控状态,通过对样品存放条件、悬浮物、比色管的冷却温度、氯化物、质量控制等因素的实验,核实样品加入硫酸将pH调至〈2在4℃下冷藏保存更稳定、采集的水样应充分摇匀再取样,比色管须冷却至室温再检测等,明确在样品CODcr批量检测中各环节工作要求,以此建立更为完善的过程控制,进一步确保污水样品批量检测的准确性,实现CODcr检测业务的全面启动。     

UASB反应器处理硝化棉废水实验研究

升流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）的优点是处理能力大、处理效率高、运行性能稳定。该试验研究是在常温下,在UASB反应器中接种猪粪,经培养驯化后处理硝化棉废水,控制进水pH值在6．5—7．5之间,在尚未进行任何预处理的情况下,经过44天的运行,启动基本完成。在此后的负荷运行中,容积负荷从0．63kgCODCr／（m3·d）增加到1．5kgCODCr／（m3·d）,CODCr的去除率保持在40％以上,最高达到了67．9％。     

三维电极体系电催化氧化效率的研究

使用三维电极反应器处理不同盐量的草酸模拟废水,以IrO_2-Ta_2O_5/Ti为阳极、5 mm的球状活性炭(granular activatedcarbon,GAC)为填料,在电流密度100 A/m²,极板间距50 mm的条件下,进行电催化氧化过程中化学需氧量(Chemical oxygen demand,COD)、电流效率(Average current efficiency)以及能耗(Energy consumption)的对比,实验结果表明在盐量为0.50%～3.00%的范围内,由于双电层电容的储能作用,提高盐量造成COD去除率有所下降,但能够提高反应末期电流效率,同时由于操作电压的降低可减少反应能耗。通过对比苯酚和草酸的电催化氧化过程证明电催化氧化过程具有较强的氧化有机物的能力。     

酒精-沼气双发酵耦联系统同步脱氨除硫工艺

木薯燃料酒精-沼气双发酵耦联系统中,蒸馏废液含有一定浓度的硫酸盐和有机氮。经传统厌氧生物处理,所产生的氨和硫化氢不仅对厌氧处理体系中的微生物具有毒害作用,还会对酒精发酵酵母的生长和代谢产生不良影响。因此,对蒸馏废液厌氧脱氨除硫新工艺的研究具有重要意义。文章以厌氧流化床为反应器,对模拟废水中的氨和硫酸盐的同步去除进行了研究。模拟废水中含有氯化铵和硫酸钠,分别作为电子供体和电子受体,以葡萄糖作为唯一碳源。实验运行83 d,反应器有机容积负荷降至0.4 kg(/m.3d),SO42-和NH4+-N进水浓度分别升高至676 mg/L和200 mg/L。COD、硫酸盐和氨氮的去除率分别达到93.50%、67.22%和58.28%;氨和硫酸盐去除的摩尔比约为2:1,并在反应器出水中检测到了单质硫的存在,且其含量随反应进行不断增加。这些结果证明了厌氧流化床体系中同步脱氨除硫反应的存在。另外通过对不同阶段实验结果的分析初步探讨了该反应的机理。     

IC反应器处理啤酒废水的效能及其微生物群落动态分析

在35℃下连续运行内循环厌氧反应器(IC),通过不断提高进水容积负荷,研究不同运行负荷下反应器处理模拟啤酒废水的运行情况,并探讨微生物的种群结构与其活性变化之间的相互关系.IC反应器效能分析表明其最大进水容积负荷(以COD计)可达20 kg.(m3.d)-1,COD去除率为85%以上,最大比产甲烷活性(以VSS计)可达210 mL.(g.d)-1;污泥脱氢酶活性与细菌DGGE图谱表明反应器中脱氢酶活性的变化趋势与细菌DGGE条带总光强度的变化趋势一致,DGGE图谱中细菌条带的总光密度值可作为厌氧体系中生物量的一个参考指标;辅酶F420与古细菌DGGE分析表明,污泥中辅酶F420含量与甲烷鬃菌属(Methanosaeta sp.)的相对丰度有一定的相互联系,在低负荷条件下甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina mazei)优势地位比较显著,随着负荷的提高,甲烷鬃菌属(Methanosaeta sp.)优势地位逐渐显著,且辅酶F420含量随之升高,当最大负荷为20kg.(m3.d)-1时,辅酶F420的含量(以VSS计)达到0.16μmol.g-1,而此时甲烷鬃菌属(Methanosaeta sp.)占据尤为明显的优势地位;聚类分析(UPGAMA)和Shannon指数也表明在不同反应负荷下,微生物的群落结构变化明显.     

交替好氧/缺氧运行模式对生物脱氮效能及活性污泥胞外聚合物的影响

以实际生活废水为处理对象,考察了SBR工艺好氧/缺氧(O/A)和缺氧/好氧(A/O)运行模式对生物脱氮性能、胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)及其组分(蛋白质PN、多糖PS和核酸DNA)的影响.结果表明,O/A和A/O运行模式下,SBR工艺均获得了高效稳定的NH_4~+-N去除,去除率分别为97.5%和98.0%,且硝化速率与NH_4~+-N负荷呈现较好正相关性.交替缺氧/好氧运行模式对于EPS影响,A/O模式下EPS产量略高于O/A模式下,且运行模式对TB-EPS及其组分(PN、PS和DNA)产量无显著影响,但A/O模式下LB-EPS及其组分(PN和PS)产量均高于O/A模式下,倍数介于1.38~1.56之间.2种模式条件下,PS是TB-EPS和EPS的主要组分,而PN是LB-EPS的主要成分.EPS含量与污泥沉降性能具有良好的线性正相关.     

Analysis of floc morphology in a continuous-flow flocculation and sedimentation reactor

The floc morphology was investigated in a continuous-flow reactor, in order to understand the evolution of flocs in practical flocculation and sedimentation processes in water utilities. Kaolin-humic acid suspension was used as the test water, and polyaluminum chloride was chosen as the coagulant. An in-situ recognition system was applied to analyze the floc size, boundary fractal dimension, and eccentricity ratios. Particle numbers and turbidity were also determined in the sedimentation stage. At a coagulant dose of 1 mg/L as Al, the average floc size increased from 62 to 78 μm and the boundary fractal dimension was around 1.14, suggesting that flocs were compact and continuously grew during the entire flocculation process. However, with the dose increased to 5 mg/L, the average floc size decreased and stabilized at around 65 μm, with the fractal dimension of 1.20. It can be concluded that the excess coagulant doses resulted in the formation of chain-shaped, lower density, and more branched structure flocs, thereby restricting flocs' further growth in the subsequent flocculation. Floc morphology analysis suggested that charge neutralization dominated in the initial flocculation stage, then the bridge and sweep mechanisms were dominant in the subsequent flocculation. In addition, compared with the traditional inclined plate settler, a novel V-shaped plate settler introduced in this study had an advantage in small size floc(less than 5 μm) removal. The V-shaped region could promote aggregate restructuring and re-flocculation; therefore, the V-shaped plate settler provides an alternative method for sedimentation.     

Drinking water treatment using a submerged internal-circulation membrane coagulation reactor coupled with permanganate oxidation

A submerged internal circulating membrane coagulation reactor(MCR) was used to treat surface water to produce drinking water. Polyaluminum chloride(PACl) was used as coagulant,and a hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) submerged hollow fiber microfiltration membrane was employed. The influences of trans-membrane pressure(TMP), zeta potential(ZP) of the suspended particles in raw water, and KMnO_4 dosing on water flux and the removal of turbidity and organic matter were systematically investigated. Continuous bench-scale experiments showed that the permeate quality of the MCR satisfied the requirement for a centralized water supply, according to the Standards for Drinking Water Quality of China(GB 5749-2006), as evaluated by turbidity(1 NTU) and total organic carbon(TOC)(5 mg/L)measurements. Besides water flux, the removal of turbidity, TOC and dissolved organic carbon(DOC) in the raw water also increased with increasing TMP in the range of 0.01–0.05 MPa. High ZP induced by PACl, such as 5–9 mV, led to an increase in the number of fine and total particles in the MCR, and consequently caused serious membrane fouling and high permeate turbidity.However, the removal of TOC and DOC increased with increasing ZP. A slightly positive ZP, such as 1–2 mV, corresponding to charge neutralization coagulation, was favorable for membrane fouling control. Moreover, dosing with KMnO_4 could further improve the removal of turbidity and DOC, thereby mitigating membrane fouling. The results are helpful for the application of the MCR in producing drinking water and also beneficial to the research and application of other coagulation and membrane separation hybrid processes.