双膜曝气生物膜反应器除水中硝氮和高氯酸盐

构建了一种以CO₂为唯一碳源的膜曝气氢基质生物膜反应器（H₂-MBfR）对模拟地下水中2种主要的氧化型无机无污染物（NO₃^--N和ClO₄^-）进行生物还原去除.通过膜曝气方式使CO₂起到提供碳源和调节反硝化过程中pH值跃升的双重作用,克服了传统方法所带来的二次污染和运行成本增加的问题.通过调整H₂和CO₂压力能够实现对反应器出水pH值的较为稳定的控制,当CO₂压力分别为0.05MPa和0.08MPa 2个阶段时,在平均NO₃^--N和ClO₄^-进水浓度分别为20.73mg/L和10.57mg/L条件下,两阶段出水平均pH值分别为8.45和8.06,NO₃^--N和ClO₄^-去除率均大于95%;当第3阶段CO₂压力提升至0.12MPa时,平均出水pH值下降至6.93,此时NO₃^--N和ClO₄^-去除通量明显降低.而提供过量的CO₂会导致在偏酸性条件下甲烷化过程的产生,从而会导致其对H₂的负面消耗进而使目标污染物的还原速率下降.因此,合理控制CO₂压力使反应体系pH值维持在中性偏碱性条件下有利于NO₃^--N和ClO₄^-还原过程的高效进行.     

非灭菌条件下白腐真菌在反应器中的形态特征变化

揭示白腐真菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)在反应器中的形态变化有助于了解白腐真菌反应器难以连续运行问题的本质. 在耦合臭氧单元的反应器对酸性蓝45连续降解的过程中,考察了非固定化和固定化菌丝系统中白腐真菌的形态特性变化. 结果表明,在接种量为1 700 mg/L的非固定化系统中,染菌量为7.1×105 CFU/mL,平均脱色率为19%;但菌丝球形态不稳定,运行8~12 d时出现破裂、菌丝脱落、内容物大量流失,污染微生物的生长加剧. 在固定化系统中,接种量为1 700 mg/L时,染菌量降至8.4×104 CFU/mL,平均脱色率升至22%;接种量为4 300 mg/L时,染菌量降至4.7×104 CFU/mL,平均脱色率达29%. 在固定化菌丝系统中,白腐真菌的形态相对稳定,但21 d后,其稳定性降低,也出现了菌丝脱落现象,这与菌丝球或固定化菌丝的内部菌丝老化和自溶有关,可以考虑通过设计新载体从生物膜的内部和外部同时供给营养物和氧气解决该问题.      

一种新的基于图模型的间歇过程故障监测方法

目前多元统计方法被广泛用于间歇过程故障监测并已经取得了比较好的效果。但是,统计模型的可解释性能比较差,很难直接利用操作人员积累的安全经验。为应对这些不足,提出了一种基于图模型的间歇过程故障监测方法。利用提出的定性建模方法,过程机理及操作人员的安全经验能够方便地表达。利用在线的过程变量数据和正向推理算法推断生产应处于的状态,利用安全知识及时地发现生产异常。当推断的结论与在线测得的结果矛盾或过程变量超过设定的安全限时,给出解释性输出。通过一个间歇反应案例,验证了提出的方法在模型的可解释性和利用安全经验方面的优势。     

添加原水改善SBR工艺处理猪场废水厌氧消化液性能

采用序批式反应器(SBR)工艺直接处理猪场废水厌氧消化液,处理系统的效率较低,COD去除率仅有10%左右,NH₄⁺-N去除率70%左右;处理出水水质较差,出水COD高于1 000mg/L,出水NH₄⁺-N在200mg/L左右;处理系统的工作不稳定,效能逐渐恶化.在猪场废水厌氧消化液中添加部分未经厌氧消化的猪场废水(原水),处理系统的处理效率明显提高,COD去除率高于80%,出水COD降到250～350mg/L;NH₄⁺-N去除率高于99%,出水NH₄⁺-N小于10mg/L;处理系统的稳定性也得到增强.添加原水后,猪场废水厌氧消化液的BOD₅/COD比值从0.19上升到0.54,BOD₅/TN比值从0.28上升到2.04,增加了微生物生长和反硝化所需的碳源,强化了反硝化作用,不仅提高了总氮去除效率,而且通过回补碱度,维持了处理系统的pH值稳定.     

DC反应器处理中药废水过程中出水的光谱分析

采用三维荧光(EEM)与傅立叶红外(FTIR)光谱技术,对不同运行条件下,新型双循环(DC)厌氧反应器处理中药废水的出水情况进行了分析,以期为厌氧反应器的有效监控提供新思路.结果表明,在HRT为24h时,COD去除率为94%左右,平均产气率达到0.37m3CH4/kgCOD,出水的EEM光谱中,Ex/Em=420/470nm处出现了明显的辅酶F420吸收峰;而HRT减少为12h后,虽然COD去除率仍达到90%左右,但出水EEM光谱中,辅酶F420的吸收峰有所降低,并出现了类富里酸的吸收峰,表明不宜再继续减少HRT.当温度由30oC降低为20oC时,温度的变化影响了厌氧污泥的性状,使得出水的FTIR光谱中3400cm-1处的吸收峰由原来的钝峰变为尖峰.而在进水中添加大黄酸后,造成了反应器内有机酸的累积,产甲烷菌活性受到严重影响,出水的EEM光谱中,腐殖酸与类富里酸的吸收峰显著增强.     

2-CSTRs两相厌氧消化系统在不同乙醇回收率下的联合产能

以2-CSTRs(连续流搅拌釜式反应器)两相厌氧消化系统的能量转化率为主要研究对象,以氢气、乙醇及甲烷为目标产物,在不同有机负荷下,通过控制反应参数使产氢相反应器内部环境呈现乙醇型发酵状态,并将产氢相出水经回收乙醇后作为产甲烷相反应基质,研究在不同乙醇回收率下2-CSTRs两相厌氧消化系统产能效率.结果表明:当乙醇回收率在0~50%范围内时,系统产能率、能量转化率及基质降解率随乙醇回收率的增加而增加.当乙醇回收率控制在50%时系统可获得最佳运行结果,与未回收乙醇时相比,系统的日产能率平均高约32.63%,能量转化率平均高约17.53%,基质降解率平均高约12.85%.     

The combined effects of biomass and temperature on maximum specific ammonia oxidation rate in domestic wastewater treatment

• Actual SAORs was determined using MLVSS and temperature. • Measured SAOR decreased with increasing MLVSS 1.1‒8.7 g/L. • Temperature coefficient (θ) decreased with increasing MLVSS. • Nitrification process was dynamically simulated based on laboratory-scale SBR tests. • A modified model was successfully validated in pilot-scale SBR systems. Measurement and predicted variations of ammonia oxidation rate (AOR) are critical for the optimization of biological nitrogen removal, however, it is difficult to predict accurate AOR based on current models. In this study, a modified model was developed to predict AOR based on laboratory-scale tests and verified through pilot-scale tests. In biological nitrogen removal reactors, the specific ammonia oxidation rate (SAOR) was affected by both mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) concentration and temperature. When MLVSS increased 1.6, 4.2, and 7.1-fold (1.3‒8.9 g/L, at 20°C), the measured SAOR decreased by 21%, 49%, and 56%, respectively. Thereby, the estimated SAOR was suggested to modify when MLVSS changed through a power equation fitting. In addition, temperature coefficient (θ) was modified based on MLVSS concentration. These results suggested that the prediction of variations ammonia oxidation rate in real wastewater treatment system could be more accurate when considering the effect of MLVSS variations on SAOR.     

汉江水华水文因素作用机理--基于藻类生长动力学的研究

在相关文献的基础上总结影响汉江水华的水文因素包括流量、流速和水面比降,根据河流动力学理论,讨论了它们之间的内在联系。在此基础上,从生物生长动力学的角度,将连续流反应器原理应用于汉江水华现象,提出了汉江连续流生物反应器模型,并根据Monod方程分析,认为汉江中的藻类浓度与水流速度应成指数关系。由此,建立了汉江藻类浓度与水流速度关系数学模型a = m exp(k/ν)。利用汉江1992年至2000年实测资料,通过回归分析进一步确定了汉江的藻类浓度与水流速度函数关系中的常数m=8.9759、k=0.9054,相关系数r=0.924 4。最后,对流速、流量和长江水位对汉江水华的作用机理进行了分析,揭示了水文因素影响汉江水华的作用机理。     

厌氧折流板反应器在制药废水处理中的研究

将厌氧折流板反应器控制在酸化水解阶段处理高浓度乙酰螺旋酶素制药废水,经过长时间的运行表明：该反应器结构简单,启动时间短,有效地提高了废水中挥发酸的浓度,缩小了pH值的变化范围,稳定了水质,改善了废水的可生化性．确保了甲烷发酵阶段的长期稳定运行。     

Biological removal of selenate in saline wastewater by activated sludge under alternating anoxic/oxic conditions

Removal of selenate in saline wastewater by activated sludge was examined. Sequencing batch reactor was operated under alternating anoxic/oxic conditions. Above 97% removal of soluble selenium (Se) was achieved continuously. Major Se removal mechanism varied depending on the length of aeration period. Various Se-reducing bacteria likely contributed to coordinately to Se removal. Selenium (Se)-containing industrial wastewater is often coupled with notable salinity. However, limited studies have examined biological treatment of Se-containing wastewater under high salinity conditions. In this study, a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) inoculated with activated sludge was applied to treat selenate in synthetic saline wastewater (3% w/v NaCl) supplemented with lactate as the carbon source. Start-up of the SBR was performed with addition of 1–5 mM of selenate under oxygen-limiting conditions, which succeeded in removing more than 99% of the soluble Se. Then, the treatment of 1 mM Se with cycle duration of 3 days was carried out under alternating anoxic/oxic conditions by adding aeration period after oxygen-limiting period. Although the SBR maintained soluble Se removal of above 97%, considerable amount of solid Se remained in the effluent as suspended solids and total Se removal fluctuated between about 40 and 80%. Surprisingly, the mass balance calculation found a considerable decrease of Se accumulated in the SBR when the aeration period was prolonged to 7 h, indicating very efficient Se biovolatilization. Furthermore, microbial community analysis suggested that various Se-reducing bacteria coordinately contributed to the removal of Se in the SBR and main contributors varied depending on the operational conditions. This study will offer implications for practical biological treatment of selenium in saline wastewater.