2-CSTRs两相厌氧消化系统在不同乙醇回收率下的联合产能

以2-CSTRs(连续流搅拌釜式反应器)两相厌氧消化系统的能量转化率为主要研究对象,以氢气、乙醇及甲烷为目标产物,在不同有机负荷下,通过控制反应参数使产氢相反应器内部环境呈现乙醇型发酵状态,并将产氢相出水经回收乙醇后作为产甲烷相反应基质,研究在不同乙醇回收率下2-CSTRs两相厌氧消化系统产能效率.结果表明:当乙醇回收率在0~50%范围内时,系统产能率、能量转化率及基质降解率随乙醇回收率的增加而增加.当乙醇回收率控制在50%时系统可获得最佳运行结果,与未回收乙醇时相比,系统的日产能率平均高约32.63%,能量转化率平均高约17.53%,基质降解率平均高约12.85%.     

The combined effects of biomass and temperature on maximum specific ammonia oxidation rate in domestic wastewater treatment

• Actual SAORs was determined using MLVSS and temperature. • Measured SAOR decreased with increasing MLVSS 1.1‒8.7 g/L. • Temperature coefficient (θ) decreased with increasing MLVSS. • Nitrification process was dynamically simulated based on laboratory-scale SBR tests. • A modified model was successfully validated in pilot-scale SBR systems. Measurement and predicted variations of ammonia oxidation rate (AOR) are critical for the optimization of biological nitrogen removal, however, it is difficult to predict accurate AOR based on current models. In this study, a modified model was developed to predict AOR based on laboratory-scale tests and verified through pilot-scale tests. In biological nitrogen removal reactors, the specific ammonia oxidation rate (SAOR) was affected by both mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) concentration and temperature. When MLVSS increased 1.6, 4.2, and 7.1-fold (1.3‒8.9 g/L, at 20°C), the measured SAOR decreased by 21%, 49%, and 56%, respectively. Thereby, the estimated SAOR was suggested to modify when MLVSS changed through a power equation fitting. In addition, temperature coefficient (θ) was modified based on MLVSS concentration. These results suggested that the prediction of variations ammonia oxidation rate in real wastewater treatment system could be more accurate when considering the effect of MLVSS variations on SAOR.     

低温供热堆选址阶段的环境影响评价与分析

根据低温供热堆选址阶段环境影响评价的要求,结合工程具体设计方案,对低温供热堆在正常运行和事故工况下可能造成的环境影响进行分析、预测与评价,以作为审管当局决策的重要依据。低温供热堆在正常运行状态时,放射性气载流出物在大气中迁移和扩散及对公众的辐射剂量估算采用的是IAEA安全系列19号报告中给出的筛选模式(稀释模式);事故工况下保守考虑全堆熔事故作为选址假想事故,采用USNRC RG1.4中给出的最大可信事故(30d)的大气扩散因子计算方法,估算假想事故各时段的大气扩散因子。正常运行工况下,在半径1km的环形区域内烟囱排放和蒸发池排放叠加的最大个人有效剂量为7.84×10^-6 Sv/a,小于本工程对公众的剂量约束值0.03mSv/a;事故工况下,两厂址所致公众个人(成人)在整个事故持续时间内厂址边界处(150m)最大个人有效剂量为5.66mSv,甲状腺当量剂量为7.43mSv,均小于《小型压水堆核动力厂安全审评原则(试行)》要求。低温供热堆在正常运行和事故工况下,对周围环境和公众的影响均满足参考的相关标准要求,是可以接受的。     

汉江水华水文因素作用机理--基于藻类生长动力学的研究

在相关文献的基础上总结影响汉江水华的水文因素包括流量、流速和水面比降,根据河流动力学理论,讨论了它们之间的内在联系。在此基础上,从生物生长动力学的角度,将连续流反应器原理应用于汉江水华现象,提出了汉江连续流生物反应器模型,并根据Monod方程分析,认为汉江中的藻类浓度与水流速度应成指数关系。由此,建立了汉江藻类浓度与水流速度关系数学模型a = m exp(k/ν)。利用汉江1992年至2000年实测资料,通过回归分析进一步确定了汉江的藻类浓度与水流速度函数关系中的常数m=8.9759、k=0.9054,相关系数r=0.924 4。最后,对流速、流量和长江水位对汉江水华的作用机理进行了分析,揭示了水文因素影响汉江水华的作用机理。     

厌氧折流板反应器在制药废水处理中的研究

将厌氧折流板反应器控制在酸化水解阶段处理高浓度乙酰螺旋酶素制药废水,经过长时间的运行表明：该反应器结构简单,启动时间短,有效地提高了废水中挥发酸的浓度,缩小了pH值的变化范围,稳定了水质,改善了废水的可生化性．确保了甲烷发酵阶段的长期稳定运行。     

Biological removal of selenate in saline wastewater by activated sludge under alternating anoxic/oxic conditions

Removal of selenate in saline wastewater by activated sludge was examined. Sequencing batch reactor was operated under alternating anoxic/oxic conditions. Above 97% removal of soluble selenium (Se) was achieved continuously. Major Se removal mechanism varied depending on the length of aeration period. Various Se-reducing bacteria likely contributed to coordinately to Se removal. Selenium (Se)-containing industrial wastewater is often coupled with notable salinity. However, limited studies have examined biological treatment of Se-containing wastewater under high salinity conditions. In this study, a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) inoculated with activated sludge was applied to treat selenate in synthetic saline wastewater (3% w/v NaCl) supplemented with lactate as the carbon source. Start-up of the SBR was performed with addition of 1–5 mM of selenate under oxygen-limiting conditions, which succeeded in removing more than 99% of the soluble Se. Then, the treatment of 1 mM Se with cycle duration of 3 days was carried out under alternating anoxic/oxic conditions by adding aeration period after oxygen-limiting period. Although the SBR maintained soluble Se removal of above 97%, considerable amount of solid Se remained in the effluent as suspended solids and total Se removal fluctuated between about 40 and 80%. Surprisingly, the mass balance calculation found a considerable decrease of Se accumulated in the SBR when the aeration period was prolonged to 7 h, indicating very efficient Se biovolatilization. Furthermore, microbial community analysis suggested that various Se-reducing bacteria coordinately contributed to the removal of Se in the SBR and main contributors varied depending on the operational conditions. This study will offer implications for practical biological treatment of selenium in saline wastewater.     

活性碳纤维电极-生物膜反应器对废水的强化脱氮性能

利用自制的活性碳纤维电极-生物膜反应器对低碳氮比(碳元素与氮元素的质量比)废水进行了脱氮实验.实验结果表明:当进水COD和碳氮比较低时,碳氮比和电流密度均对反应器的脱氮性能有很大影响;当碳氮比小于3.0时,出水的ρ(NO3--N)随进水碳氮比的增大而减小;当进水COD为70 mg/L,ρ( NO3--N)为35 mg/L、碳氮比为2.0、电流密度为0.025 mA/cm2、反应时间为8h时,出水的ρ(NO3--N)达到最低值11.2 mg/L,NO3--N去除率为68.0％.在适宜的碳氮比条件下,电极-生物膜反应器具有显著的强化脱氮作用,其对NO3--N的去除率与单纯生物膜反应器相比可提高6.0～15.0个百分点.保持碳氮比不变,提高进水COD会导致所需电流密度的提高和脱氮能力的下降.     

接触氧化污水处理技术的研究现状与展望

本文简述了污水处理中生物接触氧化技术的工艺特点及其发展历史，综述了国内外研究及应用现状，为进一步开展该技术的研究和新工艺的开发提供参考。接触氧化技术将是未来我国水处理的主要发展方向之一，文中展望了该技术的一些发展方向。     

玛纳斯河水质参数时空变化规律与趋势分析

干旱区水环境质量的好坏直接决定着绿洲经济建设的水平.通过对玛纳斯河15年来的水质监测资料的分析、研究,从中寻找出该流域的地表及地下水质变化规律与发展趋势.研究结果表明：玛河径流形成区及山前倾斜平原区水质一直保持在一级未受污染级别;山前倾斜平原区地下水中挥发酚以及氮素含量逐年上升,但总体水质仍然保持在一级未受污染级别的范围.     

Biological mine drainage treatment

Drainage from sulphur mines contains a high concentration of ferrous iron and it is strongly acidic. The mechanism of acid mine drainage formation was briefly explained. As a case study, successful measures taken at the abandoned Matsuo mine, Iwate Prefecture, Japan, for preventing the pollution in receiving rivers was presented in this paper. The measures consisted of the construction works against pollution sources and the construction of a drainage treatment plant in which Thiobacillus ferrooxidans oxidizes ferrous iron under a low pH condition, and produced ferric iron is removed by sedimentation. Then, a laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactor using anion exchange resin as attaching material for the bacteria was examined in order to improve the efficiency of biological oxidation of ferrous iron. More than 90% of oxidation had been maintained for 2 months at 1 h of HRT, which suggests that the size of the oxidation tank could be reduced.