Multi-decadal Changes in Tundra Environments and Ecosystems: The International Polar Year-Back to the Future Project (IPY-BTF)

Polar and alpine environments are changing rapidly due to increases in temperature, which are amplified in the Arctic, as well as changes in many local factors. The impacts on ecosystems and their function have potential consequences for local residents and the global community. Tundra areas are vast and diverse, and the knowledge of geographical variation in environmental and ecosystem change is limited to relatively few locations, or to remote sensing approaches that are limited mostly to the past few decades. The International Polar Year, IPY, provided a context, stimulus and timely opportunities for re-visiting old research sites and data sets to collate data on past changes, to pass knowledge from old to new generations of researchers and to document environmental characteristics of sites to facilitate detection and attribution of future changes. Consequently, the project “Retrospective and Prospective Vegetation Change in the Polar Regions: Back to the Future,” BTF, was proposed and endorsed as an IPY activity (project #512). With national funding support, teams of researchers re-visited former sites and data sets throughout the Arctic and some alpine regions. These efforts have amounted to a gamut of “BTF” studies that are collectively geographically expansive and disciplinary diverse. A selection of these studies are introduced and presented in the current issue together with a brief synthesis of their findings.     

600 MW机组省煤器灰中等距离气力输送系统改进措施

某电厂省煤器灰气力输送系统投运初期频繁出现堵管和输灰超时的问题。经过分析及调研后,改用双套管输送,优化输送步序,减少输送耗气量,不仅实现了输送系统平稳顺畅,而且避免了灰管过度磨损的现象。     

Paleoecological Assessment of Watershed History in PRIMENet Watersheds at Acadia National Park, USA

Paleoecological reconstructions of forest stand histories for two upland watersheds at Acadia National Park in Maine were completed to support related watershed chemistry studies. The project hypothesis was that forest type and fire history influence long-term cycling and storage of atmospheric mercury and nitrogen within watersheds. The reconstructions document differences in major vegetation composition and disturbance between the burned and unburned watersheds during the past several centuries. Pollen and charcoal stratigraphies from organic sediment accumulations in forested wet depressions indicate that the present experimental design of contrasting disturbance and forest histories has persisted during recent centuries. The unburned watershed has been dominated by spruce (Picea rubens) and fir (Abies balsamea) for 500 years or more and has not recently burned or been substantially cleared. The burned watershed is dominated by a heterogeneous forest of patchy hardwood, mixed wood, and softwood stands. A large portion of this watershed burned severely in 1947 and probably more than once in the 1800s, and has supported heterogeneous successional forests for 200 years or longer. Overall, these results support the underlying premise that the experimental design of this watershed research can be used to infer landscape controls on biogeochemical processes.     

锌离子对活性污泥微生物DNA序列多样性的影响

研究了锌离子对活性污泥微生物群落结构的影响.不同浓度的锌离子对有机物的降解和氮的转化均有抑制.经过驯化后,处理系统对有机物的降解可以逐步得到恢复,而对于氨氮和亚硝酸氮的降解则并不随着驯化时间的延长而得到改善.随机扩增多态性RAPD分析表明,在不同的驯化阶段,DNA序列的分子多样性是不同的.结果显示,加入锌离子的微生物多样性明显小于对照组,驯化成熟的实验组尽管在COD的去除率上和对照组没有什么差别,但在生物多样性、丰富度、均匀度和相似性上与驯化初期有较大的差别.从RAPD条带上可清楚地看到某些细菌的消失,以及耐受锌离子的种类的持续存活.      

生物沥浸处理提高城市污泥脱水性能的中试研究：批式运行模式

为了考察生物沥浸法对城市污泥脱水性能的影响.利用一个兼有序批式与连续式运行模式、工作体积为700 L的生物沥浸反应器对城市污泥进行了连续3批生物沥浸中试研究,并采用厢式压滤机对处理后污泥进行脱水处理.结果表明,曝气量为1.2 m^3/h,含嗜酸性硫杆菌的酸化污泥与待处理的原始污泥体积比为1∶15时,在90 h内完成首批...     

中国田鼠卵巢细胞自发和亚硫酸氢钠诱发突变的gpt基因分子分析

采用标准的突变细胞克隆技术、PCR及DNA序列分析方法研究了二氧化硫在体内的衍生物—亚硫酸氢钠对CHO－AS52细胞gpt基因的致突变作用。实验结果表明,高浓度的亚硫酸氢钠能诱发该基因发生突变,且其突变频率随该化学物浓度的增加而增高。PCR分析指出,在CHO－AS52细胞自发的、5mmol/L和10mmol/L亚硫酸氢钠诱发的突变体中,gpt基因完全缺失者所占比率分别为36.00％、44.00％及65.00％。对10mmol/L亚硫酸氢钠诱发的非缺失型gpt基因突变的PCR产物直接进行DNA序列分析表明,在5个突变细胞克隆中,有1个发生基因的碱基置换型和移码型突变,其余4个突变细胞克隆的gpt基因结构未发现改变,其碱基的改变可能发生在基因启动子区。     

贫营养条件下2种MBR污泥微生物的菌群对比

为了揭示贫营养环境下MBR污泥微生物群落结构的演替和菌群变化的异同,取洗浴再生水、工业再生水MBR的污泥进行周期培养,利用PCR-DGGE和克隆测序技术获得了DNA指纹图谱并建立系统发育树。研究表明,微生物群落结构在贫营养条件下演替明显,洗浴水污泥微生物形成新的优势菌群(Uncultured Pseudomonas)而工业水只维持了原有的部分菌群(Uncultured Sphaerotilus)。2种污泥培养过程中种群多样性变化突出且差异显著。同时洗浴水污泥菌群相似性在培养第8天时发生突变而工业水总体变化平缓。克隆测序表明2种MBR污泥中既有与贫营养环境适生的共性种属又有与各自来源相对应的特性种属。菌群特异性与废水来源紧密相关,是造成2种污泥对贫营养环境适应能力不同的根本原因。     

低温胁迫下香菇基因表达差异研究

香菇为变温结实型担子菌,为探讨低温胁迫诱导香菇子实体形成的分子机理,应用mRNA差异显示技术对低温胁迫下香菇菌丝体基因表达差异进行了比较.电泳差异展示结果表明,低温胁迫前后基因表达在数量水平和质量水平上都存在显著差异,数量水平的差异表现为低温胁迫过程中表达序列标签(expressed sequence tags,ESTs)增强表达或减弱表达;质量水平上的差异表现为低温胁迫使部分ESTs特异诱导表达或沉默表达.差异ESTs的类型比较和多态性分析发现,低温胁迫处理6~12h可能是诱发香菇原基发生的关键时段.本文还对显著差异表达的基因片段进行序列分析和Northern杂交验证,初步讨论了低温胁迫时间在调控香菇子实体发生中的作用.图4表2参13     

大熊猫基因组微卫生DNA的分离与序列分析

以pBS^ 为克隆载体,构建圈养大熊猫基因组DNA的小插入文库,分别用生物素标记的（CAC）5和γ-^32P-dATP标记的（CA）15寡核苷酸为探针,对重组质粒进行斑点杂交,获得15个阳性克隆,并测定了插入片段的DNA序列,其中有一部分序列已被分析,本文对剩余的8个DNA序列进行分析,发现它们大小不一,从259bp-881bp,有6个序列含有不同重复单位的一、二、四核苷酸的完整串联重复,斑点杂交和Southern杂交证明,这些序列均来自大熊猫基因组,上述结果为利用PCR技术研究大熊猫遗传多样性和了解大熊猫基因组结构积累资料。     

江西九江"11·26"地震应急

本文介绍了江西省九江"11·26"5.7级破坏性地震基本情况,对少震弱震地区发生破坏性地震后如何应对进行了分析,从加强地震序列跟踪监测,地震台站在新时期为政府、为社会服务,发挥其应有的作用三个方面提出了应对破坏性地震的对策.