生活垃圾处理的碳排放和减排策略

利用质量平衡模型,在核算生活垃圾处理技术碳排放的基础上,通过低碳化程度评价方法,建立了面向不同层次需求的生活垃圾低碳化策略.研究结果表明,餐厨垃圾产沼利用、生活垃圾填埋气收集利用和焚烧发电的低碳化程度最高,分别为93.7%、75.3%和71.0%.在不具备上述处理条件的地区,可以采用准好氧填埋,或在填埋之前进行好氧稳定预处理实现碳减排,其低碳化程度分别为61.8%和56.7%.根据目前生活垃圾的处理情况,估算我国每年生活垃圾处理过程将形成甲烷排放超过600万t,总碳排放约1.5亿t;而通过实施低碳化处理策略,2015年甲烷排放可减少至约500万t,总碳排放减少至1.3亿t.     

我国生活垃圾焚烧发电过程中温室气体排放及影响因素 ——以上海某城市生活垃圾焚烧发电厂为例

以上海某城市生活垃圾焚烧发电厂为例,采用上游-操作-下游(UOD)表格法,分析了生活垃圾焚烧发电过程中不同环节的温室气体排放贡献,及影响其排放的主要因素.结果表明,目前我国生活垃圾焚烧发电过程是温室气体排放源,以吨垃圾净CO2排放量计,达166~212kg.生活垃圾中自含化石碳对温室气体排放的贡献最大,CO2排放量为257kg/t;因焚烧发电上网而获得的净减排量为120kg/t;垃圾收运、辅助物料消耗及焚烧灰渣处理等引起的排放量总计为27~45kg/t.生活垃圾沥出渗滤液后续处理过程的温室气体排放量为7.7kg/t.节省焚烧过程辅助物料使用和改变焚烧灰渣处置方式能够减少温室气体排放量,但是减排效果有限.我国各地区电能基准线排放因子存在差异,对焚烧过程温室气体排放的影响为0~13%.降低生活垃圾含水率、提高垃圾可发电量是我国生活垃圾焚烧发电过程温室气体排放源汇转换的关键途径.     

烟气与环境空气中二恶英的测定与数值模拟

由于二恶英类物质种类较多,检测过程复杂,测试成本高,而目前的环境监测手段和技术力量还不足以对环境中二恶英进行全面而持续性的监测,因此,数值模拟方法是一种必要而有效的方法。以某垃圾焚烧厂为研究对象,测定了废气排放源与周围环境空气中的二恶英浓度水平,并在此基础上分别运用AER-MOD和CALPUFF模式对焚烧厂二恶英大气污染扩散进行了模拟验证。结果表明,我国现行的二恶英排放控制标准较为落后,应该逐步提高标准并尽快出台二恶英环境空气质量标准;2种模型均可以较好地使用在二恶英浓度预测中,并且在复杂地形与风场的情况下,AERMOD具有更好的适用性。     

Speciation evolutions of target metals （Cd,Pb） influenced by chlorine and sulfur during sewage sludge incineration

In sludge incineration, the thermal behavior of heavy metal is a growing concern. In this work, the combined analysis of metal partitioning behavior between vapor phase and condensed phase, speciation redistribu- tion in condensed phase and the difference of metal species in binding energy was carried out to investigate the possible volatilization-condensation mechanism of heavy metals in high-temperature sludge incineration. It was found that there were two steps in metal volatilization. The initial volatilization of heavy metal originated from their exchangeable （EXC）, carbonate bound （CAR） and iron- manganese bound （FM） fractions, which is primarily composed of simple substance, chlorides, oxides and sulfides. With the increase of chlorine and sulfur in sludge, the inner speciation redistribution of heavy metals occurred in condensed phase, which was an important factor affecting the potential volatility of heavy metals. A partial of metal species with complexed （COM） and residual （RES） fractions gradually decomposed into simple substance or ions, oxides and carbonates, which signifi- cantly strengthened the second volatility. In presence of chlorine, about 46% of Cd with the RES fraction disappeared when the volatility rate of Cd increased by 44.89%. Moreover, about 9% of Pb with COM fraction disappeared when there was an increase of nearly 10% in the volatilization rate. Thus, the second volatilization was mainly controlled by the decomposition of metal species with COM and RES fractions. By virtue of XRD analysis and the binding energy calculation, it was found that metal complex and silicates were inclined to decompose under high temperature due to poor thermo stability as compared with sulfates.     

Full scale treatment of hazardous wastewater through thermal reduction

An attempt has been made to present the data relating to full scale application of evaporation‐incineration technology for containment of wastewater emanating from H‐acid (mono sodium salt of 1 amino‐8‐hydroxynapthalene 3,6‐disulphonic acid) production with recourse to zero wastewater discharge. The wastewater is acidic with high concentrations of COD and total dissolved salts and BOD/COD ratio of 0.11. NO_x, SO_x, SPM and CO from stack emissions are within the standards stipulated by the statutory bodies.     

Hydrothermal treatment of MSWI fly ash for simultaneous dioxins decomposition and heavy metal stabilization

Researches on the hydrothermal treatment of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash were conducted to eliminate dioxins and stabilize heavy metals. In order to enhance decomposing polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs) during hydrothermal process, a strong reductant carbohydrazide (CHZ) is introduced. A hydrothermal reactor was set up by mixing raw MSWI fly ash or the pre-treated fly ash with water and then heated to a pre-set temperature; CHZ was spiked into solution according to specially defined dosage. Experimental results showed that under the temperatures of 518 K and 533 K, the decomposition rates of PCDDs/PCDFs were over 80% and 90%, respectively, by total concentration. However, their toxic equivalent (TEQ) decreased only slightly or even increased due to the rising in concentration of congeners 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD/TCDF, which might be resulted from the highly chlorinated congeners losing their chlorine atoms and being degraded during the hydrothermal process. Better results of TEQ reduction were also obtained under the higher tested temperature of 533 K and reactor with addition of 0.1%wt CHZ was corresponded to the best results. Good stabilization of heavy metals was also obtained in the same hydrothermal process especially when ferrous sulphate was added as auxiliary agent.     

发达国家垃圾焚烧发电经验及借鉴

介绍了发达国家垃圾焚烧发电技术,其具有较好的社会、环境和经济效益,提出我国应借鉴发达国家经验,从技术、管理、政策方面加强垃圾焚烧发电工作。     

The privatization effect of MSW incineration services by using data envelopment analysis

This paper attempts to compare the relative efficiency across MSW incineration facilities under the three operating modes including government-owned government-operated (GOO), government-owned private-operated (GOPO), and private-owned private-operated (POPO) by using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), and to examine the factor in affecting the efficiency variation. The results show that technical efficiency scores are 0.7538, 0.9046 and 0.9917 for GOO, GOPO and POPO, respectively. An ANOVA is conducted and the analysis result confirms that the operating mode has significant impact on technical efficiencies. A further examination on the operating contracts signed between governments and operating firms of GOPO facilities finds that both the price protection and quantity protection also play vital roles in affecting efficiencies.     

生活垃圾焚烧的评价指标及程序

建设-经营-移交模式是目前国内外在基础设施建设和发展中普遍采用的投资方式,也是解决我国目前在生活垃圾处理设施的建设与运营中资金不足和效率不高等问题的良好途径.总结国内外在生活垃圾焚烧建设-经营-移交模式等项目中运作、招投标和评标过程中的成功经验,应用层次分析法,制定了适合我国垃圾焚烧建设-经营-移交模式等项目的招投标程序、评价指标和评价方法.     

碱性系统中铁对铬的还原作用及其对飞灰中铬的浸出控制

为了控制焚烧飞灰中铬的浸出,将FeSO4加入焚烧飞灰-水系统中和Cr（Ⅵ）的碱性水溶液中,试验二价铁（Fe（Ⅱ））对Cr（Ⅵ）的还原效果,并检验了Cr（Ⅵ）的还原产物的稳定性.热力学分析表明,碱性系统中Fe（Ⅱ）对Cr（Ⅵ）的还原受到Fe（Ⅱ）与O2反应的强烈竞争.实验结果也证实了暴露于空气的飞灰-水系统中的Fe（Ⅱ）对铬没有明显的控制效果,但在碱性溶液相中过量的Fe（Ⅱ）却能快速有效地还原Cr（Ⅵ）,且还原产物十分稳定.此外,焚烧飞灰中铬的溶出受到Pb、Ba、Ca等元素的干扰,不利于Cr（Ⅵ）的还原稳定.为了有效地稳定Cr（Ⅵ）,Fe（Ⅱ）稳定飞灰的过程可分两步进行.试验结果还表明,在碱性系统中铁的氧化物/氢氧化物对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附和沉淀效果十分有限.