危险废物焚烧飞灰中重金属的稳定化处理

以上海市某危险废物焚烧厂飞灰为研究对象,采用Na2S、FeSO4、Na3PO4、和Na3C3N3S34种不同类型化学稳定药剂对飞灰进行了稳定化处理,并应用XRD、IR、SEM和连续化学提取法等仪器和手段对Na3C3N3S3处理焚烧飞灰的产物进行分析研究。研究结果表明,Na3C3N3S3对飞灰中的重金属Cr、Pb、Zn的稳定效果最好,Na3PO4对Cr无明显稳定效果。稳定后产物表面变得致密化,Na3C3N3S3与重金属离子生成的沉淀物干燥后无明显晶型存在。经稳定处理后飞灰中的重金属形态由弱酸提取态转化为可氧化态,减少了飞灰中重金属的浸出毒性。     

生物沥浸污泥深度脱水后自然干化与焚烧处置效果及影响因素

脱水污泥的干化效果对污泥后续焚烧处置及资源化有重要影响。比较了生物沥浸处理后深度脱水污泥与常规脱水污泥的水分蒸发速率差异,以评价其干化效果。在此基础上,对城市污泥生物沥浸示范工程中得到的有机质含量为44％（干物质计）,干基高位热值为9250kJ／kg,含水率≤32％,颗粒粒径≤8mm的污泥样品,采用小型循环流化床焚烧炉（内径600mm,高度6500mm,污泥给料量200kg／h）进行焚烧处置初步研究。结果表明,在同样干化时间下,生物沥浸后脱水污泥相对于常规脱水污泥有较快的水分蒸发速度。在保证污泥颗粒在流化床炉内达到较好的流化状态前提下,该生物沥浸污泥可以在流化床炉内实现自持焚烧,相应流化床炉温可以被恒定维持在850℃左右。焚烧后残渣热灼减率为2．36％。同时发现,污泥有机质含量、污泥含水率、污泥的颗粒破碎度、流化床布风板风量等因素共同决定着城市污泥的自持焚烧效果。此研究将为城市污泥生物沥浸后期焚烧资源化应用提供必要的参数支持及合适的运行建议。     

Review of biosolids management options and co-incineration of a biosolid-derived fuel

This paper reviews current biosolids management options, and identifies incineration as a promising technology. Incineration is attractive both for volume reduction and energy recovery. Reported emissions from the incineration of biosolids were compared to various regulations to identify the challenges and future direction of biosolids incineration research. Most of the gaseous and metal emissions were lower than existing regulations, or could be met by existing technologies. This paper also presents the results of an experimental study to investigate the potential use of biosolids for co-incineration with wood pellets in a conventional wood pellet stove. Pilot scale combustion tests revealed that co-incineration of 10% biosolids with 90% premium grade wood pellets resulted in successful combustion without any significant degradation of efficiency and emissions.     

Impacts of natural weathering on the transformation/neoformation processes in landfilled MSWI bottom ash: a geoenvironmental perspective

Natural weathering processes are significant mechanisms that noticeably affect the fundamental nature of incineration ash residues. To provide a greater understanding of these processes, a MSWI (mono)landfill site in the north east of the US was selected as the target for systematic investigation of the natural weathering of bottom ash residues. Samples of various ages were collected from locations A (1 yr), B (10 yrs), C (13-14 yrs) and D (20 yrs) of the landfill in 2009. We investigated the phase transformation of the collected bottom ash particles, neoformation processes as well as the behavior and distribution of certain heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cr) in the neoformed phases using optical microscopy, SEM-EDX, and bulk examinations. Key findings: at the preliminary stage, the waste metallic particles (Al, Fe, and Cu) and unstable minerals such as lime, portlandite, ettringite and hydrocalumite convert to oxide and hydroxide (hydrate) phases, calcite, alumina gel and gypsum. At the intermediate stage, the decomposition of melt products including magnetite spinels and metallic inclusions is triggered due to the partial dissolution of the melt glass. At the longer time horizon it is possible to track the breakdown of the glass phase, the extensive formation of calcite and anhydrite, Al-hydrates and more stable Fe-hydrates all through the older ash deposits. Among the dominant secondary phases, we propose the following order based on their direct metal uptake capacity: Fe-hydrates>Al-hydrates>calcite. Calcite was found to be the least effective phase for the direct sorption of heavy metals. Based on overall findings, a model is proposed that demonstrates the general trend of ash weathering in the landfill.     

关于德国污泥处理应用实例的简介

随着环保治理力度的加大,污水处理厂的污泥也不再停留在脱水、填埋处理上,进一步减量化处理已被列入日程。结合在德国接受的9个月的供排水专业技术进修的经历,文章重点介绍了进修中实习的四套综合性污水处理厂的污泥处理技术路线和部分处理成本,并针对性的对国内污泥处理手段进行了简单的论述,再结合工作中的实际经验和进修的收获,分析了当前国内污泥处理技术路线选择时应该注意的一些问题和建议。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from clinical waste incineration

Since the introduction of the Environmental Protection Act in the UK, there are few reports of PAH emissions from clinical waste incinerators (CWIs) operating to improved performance standards. The main aim of this study is to determine PAH emissions from a state-of-the-art CWI focusing on the effects of reactive gases and operating variables on emissions. This was carried out by collection of stack samples over three phases of operation.

At stack conditions, most PAHs are predicted to be in the vapour phase. Reactive losses of PAHs were closely correlated by rank with expected reactivities from laboratory studies. Estimates of emissions incorporating sampling losses were derived, although no correlation was found between PAH losses and the modest levels of reactive stack gases. PAH concentrations were one to two orders of magnitude lower than earlier reports from incinerators without effective air pollution control equipment (APCE). The low levels of carbon monoxide recorded were not correlated with any PAHs.

This study demonstrates the impact of efficient combustion conditions and APCE on PAH emissions from a CWI.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰中二噁英类的研究概况

随着垃圾焚烧技术的推广应用,焚烧产生的污染越来越受关注,本文介绍了二噁英的检测方法、垃圾焚烧飞灰中二噁英的分布、影响因素及飞灰的处置和综合利用技术研究概况。     

城市固体废弃物的预处理系统研究

对城市生活垃圾处置前进行有效的预处理,不仅可以减少处理量,提高处理的效果,而且可以回收部分资源性物质。由于垃圾的特性多变及处理方式的不同,统一的处理系统不仅难以达到处理垃圾的要求,而且可能造成不必要的浪费。文章针对垃圾焚的需求以及垃圾的特点,分析了垃圾焚烧炉预处理系统的设计和设计设备参数的确定,并介绍了与循环流化床垃圾焚烧炉配套的预处理系统。     

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属药剂配伍稳定化实验研究

以飞灰中富含的Pb和Zn为目标重金属,对飞灰中重金属药剂配伍稳定化效果了实验研究.选用EDTA、Na2S、NaH2PO4等稳定化药剂和pH值控制,首先将试剂单独投加飞灰中测定重金属浸出浓度,分析各试剂的稳定化效果;然后通过系列试验观察现象,确定试剂最优投加顺序;最后,按照试剂性质制定4个配伍方案,按照最优投加顺序投加试剂,测定分析各个配伍方案的稳定化效果.结果表明:pH值保持在弱碱性(10左右),重金属稳定化效果较好.EDTA二钠、NaH2PO4和Na2S重金属稳定化效果明显,而有机试剂EDTA二钠稳定化效果明显优于NaH2PO4和Na2S;稳定化药剂投加顺序以Na2S、EDTA二钠、NaH2PO4顺序投加处理效果为最佳;配伍方案4处理效果明显优于其他方案,可以实现稳定化药剂配伍相合,提高飞灰中重金属稳定化效果,同时减少有机螯合剂的使用量,从而降低处理成本.     

消耗臭氧层物质销毁技术探讨——以天津市废家电拆解企业为例

以天津市消耗臭氧层物质(ODS)销毁示范项目为背景,介绍了天津市废家电拆解企业涉及ODS的回收及处置情况,并参考国内外淘汰ODS处置经验,以含ODS的废冰箱泡棉为例,介绍了较为适用的焚烧处置技术,为后期大量淘汰的ODS物质处置工作提供了技术参考。