A Hydrologic Data Screening Procedure for Exploring Monotonic Trends and Shifts in Rainfall and Runoff Patterns

A thorough understanding of past and present hydrologic responses to changes in precipitation patterns is crucial for predicting future conditions. The main objectives of this study were to determine temporal changes in rainfall‐runoff relationship and to identify significant trends and abrupt shifts in rainfall and runoff time series. Ninety‐year rainfall and runoff time series datasets from the Gasconade and Meramec watersheds in east‐central Missouri were used to develop data screening procedure to assess changes in the rainfall and runoff temporal patterns. A statistically significant change in mean and variance was detected in 1980 in the rainfall and runoff time series within both watersheds. In addition, both the rainfall and runoff time series indicated the presence of nonstationary attributes such as statistically significant monotonic trends and/or change in mean and variance, which should be taken into consideration when using the time series to predict future scenarios. The annual peak runoff and the annual low flow in the Meramec watershed showed significant temporal changes compared to that in the Gasconade watershed. Water loss in both watersheds was found to be significantly increasing which is potentially due to the increase in groundwater pumping for water supply purposes.     

城市生活垃圾筛上物制备RDF及其燃烧特性研究

利用城市垃圾筛上物制备RDF可以实现垃圾处理的减量化和资源化。研究了北京市城市生活垃圾筛上物制备RDF的工艺条件,探讨不同成型压力、含水率以及助燃剂含量对RDF成型特性的影响,在此基础上研究添加CaO对其燃烧特性的影响。结果表明:含水率10%,成型压力1 MPa的RDF在加入1%的KClO4后成型较好,燃烧后残渣少。随着CaO添加量的增加,RDF燃烧SO2的释放量减少;而当CaO添加量大于2%时,HCl的释放量基本保持不变。在RDF中加入CaO可以将其中的氯元素和硫元素有效固定在残渣中,从而有效减少了酸性气体排放。     

基于风险分析的流域优先有机污染物筛查:方法构建

化学品的大量使用和排放进入水环境,对水生态系统产生诸多不利影响。因此,流域环境管理的重点之一就是如何筛查具有潜在风险的优先污染物。对于流域环境介质中污染物筛查而言,难点和关键是如何建立高效的分析方法来尽可能多的获取环境介质中的污染物信息,进而对其危害及风险水平进行判断与筛查。对在流域环境介质中污染物筛查方面具有潜在应用可能性的环境分析方法进行了综述,提出了以高通量分析方法为基础的基于概率风险分析的流域优先有机污染物筛查方法体系,并对体系中涉及的筛查基准、数据选择等关键问题进行了讨论。     

Photolysis of 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1, 1 ‐Dimethylurea (Diuron) in dilute aqueous solution

Diuron samples at 40mg/L concentration were photolyzed with ultraviolet lamps and with natural sunlight to determine if data from ultraviolet lamp photolysis could be used to predict results from sunlight photolysis. Seven photoproducts were identified from the photolysis experiments. The identified photoproducts and the photoproduct yields were essentially the same for the two light sources.     

The human serum paraoxonase—Polymorphism and specificity

Human serum contains EDTA‐sensitive (Ca⁺⁺‐dependent) and EDTA‐stable (albumin) paraoxonases which hydrolyse paraoxon, 0,0‐diethyl,0–4‐nitrophenyl phosphate.

In Caucasians the EDTA‐sensitive enzyme shows a genetically determined polymorphism which is governed by two alleles. In typical Mongoloid or Negro populations this polymorphism is expressed to a lesser degree, and in a few samples (e.g. Aborigines) it cannot be observed at all. The distribution of the activity of the EDTA‐stable (albumin) paraoxonase is unimodal.

Many authors supposed that paraoxonase is an arylesterase (EC 3.1.1.2) which means that it is also able to hydrolyse phenylacetate or β‐naphthylacetate. New investigations have shown that the human serum fractions splitting paraoxon can be separated from those hydrolysing phenylacetate and related substrates.

The polymorphism of the EDTA‐sensitive human serum paraoxonase can be applied to investigations concerning specificity. From this it becomes evident that this enzyme is rather specific. Already slight changes of the paraoxon molecule lead to a decrease of activity. On the other hand the enzyme seems to hydrolyse also phosphonic acid esters and 4‐nitrophenylacetate in the same way like paraoxon (polymorphism).

There is a linkage relationship of paraoxonase with cystic fibrosis and DNA markers. According to these results the (EDTA‐sensitive) paraoxonase locus is on the human chromosome 7.

A high serum paraoxonase level actually protects serum cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) and has to be considered in biological monitoring of workers exposed to parathion.     

一株高效异养硝化菌的分离、鉴定及其氨氮去除特性

以丁二酸钠为唯一C源,从垃圾渗滤液活性污泥中富集、分离及筛选出一株高效的异养硝化菌,通过形态观察、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析,对分离菌株进行了鉴定,同时对其硝化功能和氨氮去除特性进行了研究.结果表明,分离到的异养硝化菌为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.),命名为XS76,其GenBank登录号为(JQ934897).该菌经过24h培养,有约60%的氨氮转化为胞内氮,35%左右的氨氮被去除,仅有少量硝酸盐氮的积累,没有羟胺和亚硝酸盐氮的积累.碳源、有机氮源、C/N比、温度等因素均对氨氮去除有较大的影响,在接种量为4%、丁二酸钠为碳源、硫酸铵为氮源、C/N 15、转速180~200r/min、pH 6~9及温度为34℃,氨氮负荷为420 mg/L时处理效果最佳, 96 h氨氮去除率可达99.20%.显示了高效的氨氮去除效果,具有潜在的实际废水应用价值.     

北京官厅水库特征污染物筛查及其健康风险评价

水源水中存在数以万计的污染物,需要根据不同水源污染特征筛查相应的特征污染物,并确定其对人体产生的健康风险。针对官厅水库及其出入库河流的表层水样,采用气相色谱质谱方法,对77种有机污染物进行了目标筛查和定量分析;采用非目标筛查的方法,对1 655种有机污染物进行了定性筛查。定量分析检出43种挥发性有机物(VOCs),浓度为nd～8.17 μg·L^-1;8种羰基化合物,浓度为nd～5.04 μg·L^-1;7种嗅味物质,浓度为nd～1 421.58 ng·L^-1。在检出的58种污染物中,有国家生活饮用水卫生标准(GB5749-2006)的共有23种,有国家地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)的22种,浓度均未超过相关标准。对所检出的污染物进行了危害识别,发现5种嗅味物质浓度均超过了其嗅阈值。对其中有基础毒性数据的17种污染物进行了致癌风险评价,对37种污染物进行了非致癌风险评价。研究表明,17种污染物致癌风险处于10^-6～10^-5水平,而37种污染物的非致癌风险处于10^-2水平,均低于国际认同的风险控制阈值。定性筛查出80种具有潜在健康风险的有机污染物,作为进一步深入研究的目标污染物。据此,2012年调查中官厅水库水中的有机微污染对人体健康的风险总体上处于较低水平。其中,苯系物在官厅水库中普遍存在,六氯丁二烯和巴豆醛是主要的风险特征污染物,2-异丙基-3-甲氧基吡嗪(IPMP)、2-异丁基-3-甲氧基吡嗪(IBMP)和2,4,6-三氯茴香醚(TCA)是主要的致嗅特征污染物。     

全氟化合物同分异构体的环境行为及毒性效应研究进展

以全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)和全氟辛烷羧酸(PFOA)为代表的全氟化合物(PFASs)是一类新型持久性有机污染物,目前已经在全球自然环境、野生生物及人群中广泛检出,其环境与健康问题已引起人们的高度重视。传统的电氟化法生产工艺使PFASs产品存在碳链同分异构体。这些PFAS的同分异构体可能具有不同的环境行为和毒理效应。随着分析方法的逐渐成熟,目前,国外的学者已经在该研究领域进行了一些探索性的研究,并取得了一定的进展,而我国在该领域的研究相对较少。以PFOS和PFOA为例,在介绍了PFAS同分异构体的来源、命名和世界各地生产厂家的异构体组成等基本信息的基础上,还系统介绍了环境介质中PFAS同分异构体的分析方法、环境迁移转化差异及源分析研究;生物和人体的生物累积性及毒理学差异等;并对目前存在的问题进行了讨论,为今后PFAS同分异构体的环境问题研究提供相应的参考。     

浅析防雷中存在的问题

通过分析防雷中存在的认识误区,提出防雷是一个综合性、系统性工程,防雷的防护原则是全方位防护、综合治理、层层设防.只有根据防雷的实际要求,将接闪、传导、分流、接地、屏蔽、等电位连接等技术措施合理实施,才能构成一个系统、有效的防雷系统.     

基于保护地下水的北京市土壤通用筛选值推导

分别采用三相平衡耦合地下水稀释模型(以下称方法1)和SESOIL耦合地下水稀释模型(以下称方法2)对北京市不同水文地质条件(永定河山前冲洪积扇顶部区域、中上部区域和下部区域)下27种VOCs(挥发性有机污染物)、31种SVOCs(半挥发性有机污染物)、11种农药/PCBs(多氯联苯)及二英基于保护地下水的土壤通用筛选值进行推导. 结果表明,下部区域土壤通用筛选值最保守,顶部区域次之,中上部区域最宽松. 采用方法1推导的中上部区域土壤通用筛选值分别是顶部区域和下部区域的1.1~1.4、9.9~34.9倍,顶部区域土壤通用筛选值是下部的10.7~24.9倍;采用方法2推导的中上部区域土壤通用筛选值是下部区域的9.8~49.9倍. 对于有连续非饱和带弱水层的中上部区域及下部区域,方法2推导的结果较方法1宽松. 其中,PAHs(多环芳烃)、PCBs、二英、多数农药及酯类等高K_oc(有机碳-水分配系数)污染物均难以穿透清洁非饱和土壤进入地下水;而对于VOCs、酚类等低K_oc污染物,方法2推导的中上部区域土壤通用筛选值普遍是方法1的4.3~18.4倍,下部区域为方法1的3.0~24.6倍. 考虑到土壤通用筛选值应具有风险筛选功能及一定保守性,建议各种污染物以顶部区域方法1推导结果及中上部区域和下部区域方法2推导结果中最保守的值作为北京市基于保护地下水的土壤通用筛选值.