城市污水处理可持续发展工艺选型和技改方法初探

通过广泛的调研和资料分析,从技术和经济这两个角度对我国城市污水处理工艺现状进行了分析和总结,提出了可持续发展城市污水处理技术的选择原则,同时,通过从定性到定量这一过程,构建了我国城市污水处理的可持续发展工艺选型的技术改造的理论基础和模型框架。     

Quantification of carbamazepine and atrazine and screening of suspect organic contaminants in surface and drinking waters

A new approach for the identification of suspect trace organic contaminants in drinking and surface waters is presented. Samples were initially analyzed using a target determination method for two contamination tracers, carbamazepine (CBZ) and atrazine (ATZ). This method used offline solid-phase extraction and online solid-phase extraction techniques coupled to liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry to accelerate the sample preparation process and improve method performance. CBZ and ATZ were found respectively in 31% and 56% of the samples, and concentrations were usually <20 ng L⁻¹. These samples were re-analyzed with a similar method on a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer to identify suspect contaminants by means of exact mass measurements and isotope patterns. A database of 264 common organic contaminants was built and used in conjunction with a Molecular Feature algorithm to identify the presence of these substances in drinking and surface water collected from different sources at various locations across Canada. Several organic contaminants were identified in the samples, but only the presence of caffeine, desethylatrazine, simazine and venlafaxine could be verified by comparison to pure standards. The presence of desethylatrazine was also confirmed by MS/MS experiments. These results suggest that target analysis for tracers of organic contamination may be a helpful tool to prioritize samples which should be further screened for suspect contaminants. This study also shows that the combination of separation techniques (offline and online SPE, LC) contribute to advance the applicability of high-resolution mass spectrometry for the identification of trace organic contaminants by accelerating the preparation step, reducing complexity and increasing analyte concentrations for optimal detection.     

A new approach to data evaluation in the non-target screening of organic trace substances in water analysis

Non-target screening via high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) has gained increasingly in importance for monitoring organic trace substances in water resources targeted for the production of drinking water. In this article a new approach for evaluating the data from non-target HPLC-MS screening in water is introduced and its advantages are demonstrated using the supply of drinking water as an example. The crucial difference between this and other approaches is the comparison of samples based on compounds (features) determined by their full scan data. In so doing, we take advantage of the temporal, spatial, or process-based relationships among the samples by applying the set operators, UNION, INTERSECT, and COMPLEMENT to the features of each sample. This approach regards all compounds, detectable by the used analytical method. That is the fundamental meaning of non-target screening, which includes all analytical information from the applied technique for further data evaluation. In the given example, in just one step, all detected features (1729) of a landfill leachate sample could be examined for their relevant influences on water purification respectively drinking water. This study shows that 1721 out of 1729 features were not relevant for the water purification. Only eight features could be determined in the untreated water and three of them were found in the final drinking water after ozonation. In so doing, it was possible to identify 1-adamantylamine as contamination of the landfill in the drinking water at a concentration in the range of 20 ng L⁻¹. To support the identification of relevant compounds and their transformation products, the DAIOS database (Database-Assisted Identification of Organic Substances) was used. This database concept includes some functions such as product ion search to increase the efficiency of the database query after the screening. To identify related transformation products the database function “transformation tree” was used.     

Impact of Hazardous Exposure to Metals in the Nile and Delta Lakes on the Catfish, Clarias lazera

The impact of metal pollution in the Nile and Delta lakes was studied in Clarias lazera. Lake Edku is grouped as the site highest in metal concentrations. Compared to Lakes Maryût and Edku, the Nile stations displayed lower levels of metal contamination signifying their selection as reference sites. Metals were accumulated most by the liver, less by muscles and least by serum. Iron showed the highest bioconcentration factors (BCF) in liver, muscles or serum compared to other metals. Even after the refinement of the surrounding water, fish seem to uphold the metals that have been previously ingested. Mercury, in particular, seems to eventually reside in muscles rather than in liver. The positive relationship between total serum protein and metal contents may indicate the formation of specific metal-binding proteins. Meanwhile, serum hyperalbuminemia in polluted fish is probably a shock response towards the high stress index induced by metals. The hypothesis that most of serum copper is bound to ceruloplasmin is documented also in C. lazera. Moderate, but not extennsive, exposure to metals was quite stimulatory to liver alkaline phosphatase (AP) biosynthesis. AP could, thus, be considered as a promising bioindicator for assessing sublethal water intoxicosis.     

Method for the determination of selected organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in human serum based on a gel permeation chromatographic clean-up

A gel permeation chromatographic (GPC) clean-up based method was developed for determination of selected organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in human serum. The method permits automation of the sample extract clean-up stage and is designed to work with small amounts of sample. Different working variables were studied in its development, including injection volume, flow rate, and fat amount as the most representative coextract. The method provides solvent and time savings. Initial extraction was performed using 96-well solid-phase disk extraction plates, and quantification was performed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection and mass spectrometry. Recoveries of PCB congeners 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180 and organochlorine pesticides HCB, β-HCH, γ-HCH, heptachlor epoxide, p,p′-DDE, and p,p′-DDT at two spiking levels ranged from 55% to 115% with relative standard deviations ranging from 2.0% to 14.6%. Limits of quantification ranged from 0.06 to 0.16 ng mL⁻¹ for PCBs and from 0.12 to 0.36 ng mL⁻¹ for organochlorine pesticides. Finally, the method was applied to the analysis of 38 serum samples and the results were compared with those of another procedure validated at the laboratory.     

A rapid isotope ratio analysis protocol for nuclear solid materials using nano-second laser-ablation time-of-flight ICP-MS

The analysis of the isotopic composition of nuclear or non-nuclear solid materials is performed in a variety of fields, e.g., for quality assurance in the production of nuclear fuels, as signatures in forensics, nuclear safeguards, and non-proliferation control, in material characterization, geology, and archeology. We have investigated the capability of laser ablation (New Wave Research, 213 nm) coupled to time-of-flight (TOF) ICP-MS (GBC OptiMass 8000) as a rapid analytical protocol for multi-isotope screening of nuclear and non-nuclear solid samples. This includes natural and non-natural isotopic compositions for elements including Cu, Zr, Mo, Cd, In, Ba, Ta, W, Re, Pt, Pb, and U, in pure metals, alloys, and glasses. Without correcting for mass bias (mass fractionation), an overall precision and accuracy of about 4% (1σ) can be achieved by minimizing the deposited laser power and thus fractionation (mass removal based on thermal properties). The precision and accuracy in combination with literally no or minimized sample preparation enables a rapid isotope screening of solid samples that is of particular interest to support nuclear forensic and safeguard analysis.     

Serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the inhabitants of a Sicilian city

Background

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides are common environmental contaminants that have been associated with human health problems.

Objectives

To assess serum concentrations of several organochlorine contaminants in general population living in a city with an ancient agricultural tradition and to identify possible exposure sources in Sicily.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 101 individuals. Each participant answered a face-to-face questionnaire submitted by well-trained personnel and provided a serum sample which was analyzed for the concentrations of PCBs, HCB, HCHs and DDTs by using gas-chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry.

Results

HCB, p,p′-DDE, PCB 138, PCB 153 and PCB 180 were detected in more than 80% of the study participants. The ng g⁻¹ lipid median concentrations were: 18.6 for HCB; 175.1 for p,p′-DDE; 22. for PCB 138; 32.5 for PCB 153 and 23.0 for PCB 180. PCB 153 and PCB 138, PCB 138 and PCB 180, PCB 153 and PCB 180, and p,p′-DDE and HCB showed a high correlation each other (p < 0.05). HCB and p,p′-DDE concentrations were significantly higher in subjects >49 years old (adj-p = 0.03 in 50-69 years old and adj-p < 0.001 in >69 years old, respectively) whereas PCB 138, PCB 153 and PCB 180 concentrations were higher in males (adj-p = 0.03), in subjects >69 years old (adj-p = 0.04) and in current smokers (adj-p = 0.04).

Conclusions

The present study shows that serum concentrations of organochlorine compounds detected in subjects living in a small Sicilian city with ancient agricultural tradition are similar to those found in subjects living in urban areas of other countries. However, further investigations are needed to compare data from rural/urban areas in the same country, assessing correlations between serum concentrations of several chemical compounds and potential health effects in general population.     

红三叶草根际区石油降解菌的筛选及降解性能

从石油污染的土壤红三叶草（nifoliumrepensLinn）根际修复区中分离筛选得到4株以原油作为惟一碳源和能源进行生长繁殖的高效石油降解菌。通过菌落形态、显微镜个体形态观察、生理生化鉴定以及菌株16SrDNA序列分析,初步鉴定4株优势降解菌分别为动性杆菌、藤黄微球菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌和短小芽孢杆菌。采用气相色谱／质谱（GC／MS）法分析4株混合菌对石油烃的降解性能。结果表明：在摇床培养条件下,混合菌54d对总石油烃的生物降解率达到90．50％,较对照高67．72％。随着生物降解时间的延长,石油组分中的正构烷烃、异构烷烃及环烷烃相对总量均呈减小趋势,而芳香烃和其他醇类、醛和酸类的相对含量则有所增加。     

Molecular indicators for pollution source identification in marine and terrestrial water of the industrial area of Kavala city, North Greece

Eight terrestrial and four marine water samples were collected from the industrial section of the city of Kavala in northern Greece to determine the occurrence and distribution of organic contaminants, as well as to identify the molecular markers of different emission sources. The samples were analyzed by means of non-target screening analyses. The analytical procedure included a sequential extraction of the samples, GC-FID, GC/MS analyses, and additional quantitative analyses of selected pollutants. The results show a wide variety of compounds including halogenated compounds, technical additives and metabolites, phosphates, phthalates, benzothiazoles, etc. A close relationship between many of the contaminants and their emission sources was determined based on their molecular structures and information on technical applications.     

失去记忆性贝毒ASP酶联免疫检测方法的研究

建立了赤潮毒素失去记忆性贝毒中主要成分软骨藻酸(domoic acid,DA)的竞争酶联免疫检测方法.通过将DA偶联到蛋白载体上,免疫BALB/c小鼠,免疫数次后,得到抗DA的多克隆抗血清,以DA-OVA为包被抗原,利用抗原抗体反应,建立间接竞争酶联免疫吸附技术(Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay,ELISA)分析检测海水样品和海洋贝类中的赤潮毒素失去记忆性贝毒DA的方法.结果表明,该方法最低检出限10μg/L,海水样品平均回收率102.%,批内变异系数12.%;贝类样品平均回收率为111.%,批内变异系数4.8%.