海水淡化原水预处理工艺筛选评估体系

针对海水淡化预处理工艺特征形成了海水淡化原水预处理工艺（药剂）库,建立了预处理工艺筛选评估指标体系;而后利用多准则决策理论,构建了基于熵权法和逼近理想解排序法（TOPSIS）的海水淡化原水预处理工艺筛选评估模型,并实现程序设计,用以筛选出适合的预处理工艺;最后通过一个实例验证方法可行性,结果证明本体系可以有效辅助海水淡化原水预处理工艺的筛选评估,实现科学决策.     

道路车辆电工电子设备高加速寿命试验

成熟的汽车企业已经将高加速环境应力试验引入装车电工电子设备的研发、试产和批量供货的管理中,其需求已进入国内检测市场。本文以已发布的车企文件为基础,介绍并讨论高加速寿命试验（HALT）的各项要素和实验室要求。高加速应力筛选（HASS）和稽核（HASA）另行拟文讨论。     

Training obstetricians and midwives to present screening tests: Evaluation of two brief interventions

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of two brief training interventions to improve obstetricians' and midwives' explanations to patients of a routine prenatal screening test. Health professionals were randomly allocated to one of two intervention groups or a control group. Information-giving about the test and communication skills were assessed at baseline, post-training and 3-month follow-up from audiotaped consultations. Both intervention groups received a 1-h training session involving small group discussions focused around a video. In addition, one group received individual feedback on their baseline and post-training consultations. Twenty-six midwives and nine obstetricians completed the study according to the protocol. Changes between baseline and post-training, and between baseline and follow-up, were computed. Information-giving and communication skills improved significantly in subjects receiving training and feedback on their performance, with the greatest improvements occurring before feedback was given. Those receiving training without feedback significantly improved their communication skills and showed some improvement in information-giving. These results show that modest improvements in communication can be made with relatively brief training. Greater and more sustained improvements may be found if all staff were trained, and trained on a regular basis.     

Early detection of abdominal pregnancy by maternal serum AFP+ screening

We present two cases of abdominal pregnancy identified in our maternal serum screening programme—an additional, as yet unreported benefit of AFP+ (multiple analyte) maternal serum oncofetal antigen screening in pregnancy.     

Improved parameters for risk estimation in Down's syndrome screening

A new method is described for calculating maternal serum marker distribution parameters which will improve risk estimation when screening for Down's syndrome. The approach is to calculate parameters using data from the local screened population and data obtained by meta-analysis from all published studies. The local data are used to derive the variance and covariance in unaffected pregnancies. The meta-analysis is used for the mean level in Down's syndrome pregnancies together with the differences in variance and covariance between affected and unaffected pregnancies. Forty-four published studies were analysed. The mean level for Down's syndrome in multiples of the normal median was 0·73 for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in total of 1140 pregnancies, 0·73 for unconjugated oestriol (uE₃) in 613, 2·02 for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in 850, and 2·30 for free β-hCG in 477. For all four markers, the variance in Down's syndrome was higher than in unaffected pregnancies; for AFP and uE₃, the covariances were also higher in Down's syndrome, but for the other markers they were lower. The method was illustrated using data from 6387 pregnancies screened in Leeds.     

Down syndrome maternal serum marker screening after 18 weeks' gestation

Women having access to prenatal care late in pregnancy may still wish to benefit from maternal serum screening for Down syndrome. Therefore, we established reference values for α-feto protein (AFP) and free β-human chorionic gonadotrophin (β-hCG), and assessed the diagnostic value of maternal serum marker screening at 18–35 weeks' gestation based upon a series of 4072 sera from unaffected pregnancies and 118 sera from pregnant women with fetuses affected by Down syndrome. Using a 1/250 risk cut-off, a detection rate of 72.9% (95% CI = 71.5–74.3%) was achieved with a false-positive rate of 7.51% (95% CI = 6.71–8.3%). This was not significantly different from the percentages observed in our 14–17 weeks routine screening (50 596 patients): 71.9% (95% CI = 71.5–72.3%) and 6.48% (95% CI = 6.28–6.68%), respectively. Detection and screen-positive rates were, respectively, 51.3% (95% CI = 35.6–67.0%) and 5.95% (95% CI = 5.12–6.68%) in women aunder 35 years of age, and 84.8% (95% CI = 76.9–92.7%) and 24% (95% CI = 20.7–27.3%) in women aged 35 years and over. In conclusion, maternal serum marker screening is feasible at 18 weeks' gestation and later, which may be of interest in selected cases. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Crown—rump length in aneuploid fetuses: Implications for first-trimester biochemical screening for aneuploidies

This study examined the effect of estimation of gestational age from the menstrual history compared with that from crown—rump length (CRL) measurement on the detection rate of screening for aneuploidies in the first trimester. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) was assayed in blood collected prior to chorionic villus sampling in 356 women with unaffected pregnancies and 28 women with an aneuploid pregnancy. There were 14 Down's syndrome (DS) pregnancies. All pregnancies were dated from menstrual history and CRL measurement. The average CRL gestation in the aneuploid population was 2.5 days less than that derived from the LMP (95 per cent confidence interval (CI) for LMP—CRL gestation: using the algorithm based on unaffected pregnancies 0–3.5 days; using the matched case—control approach 1–4.5 days). The average CRL gestation in the DS population was 2 days less but this did not reach statistical significance (95 per cent CI for LMP—CRL gestation: using the algorithm — 1 to 4.5 days; using the matched case—control approach 0 to 5.5 days). The detection rate of aneuploidies in the first trimester using maternal serum PAPP-A was reduced by 7 per cent (and by 3 per cent for DS) for a 5 per cent false-positive rate when using CRL rather than LMP to date the pregnancy. This phenomenon is a consequence of an apparent reduction of gestational age when estimated by CRL in the aneuploid population. Further studies are required to evaluate whether CRL is an unbiased estimate of gestation for Down's syndrome pregnancies.     

微生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选和应用

用常规的细菌分离纯化法从活性污泥、河泥中分离出目标菌种(兼性厌氧固氮化能异养茵)，经过驯化后，以发酵液对造纸、印染两种废水的絮凝效果为指标，选取培养得较好的一种，分析了影响其絮凝效果的主要因素。结果表明：培养温度为30℃，pH为7．0，培养90h时絮凝效果最好，少量的Ca^2 可提高絮凝率。     

Serum and urine monitoring of fluoride exposed workers in aluminium smelting factory

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