Assessing the role of economic actors in the production of private and public goods in three EU agricultural landscapes

The study analyses the contribution of relevant economic actors to the provision of private and public goods in agricultural landscapes. A method consisting of a multi-sectoral perspective and an integrated approach based on the analytic network process (ANP) and the use of selected local stakeholders is applied. The usefulness of the method is demonstrated in three European case studies in Austria, Italy and Spain. The results show that agriculture and tourism are the sectors that contribute the most and the least, respectively, to the provision of goods and services in agricultural landscapes. Moreover, the results underscore that policy instruments towards such provision need to be targeted differently in different areas and must take into account the different roles of the local actors involved.     

People,protected areas and ecosystem services: a qualitative and quantitative analysis of local people's perception and preferences in Côte d'Ivoire

The long‐term integrity of protected areas (PAs), and hence the maintenance of related ecosystem services (ES), are dependent on the support of local people. In the present study, local people's perceptions of ecosystem services from PAs and factors that govern local preferences for PAs are assessed. Fourteen study villages were randomly selected from three different protected forest areas and one control site along the southern coast of Côte d'Ivoire. Data was collected through a mixed‐method approach, including qualitative semi‐structured interviews and a household survey based on hypothetical choice scenarios. Local people's perceptions of ecosystem service provision was decrypted through qualitative content analysis, while the relation between people's preferences and potential factors that affect preferences were analyzed through multinomial models. This study shows that rural villagers do perceive a number of different ecosystem services as benefits from PAs in Côte d'Ivoire. The results based on quantitative data also suggest that local preferences for PAs and related ecosystem services are driven by PAs' management rules, age, and people's dependence on natural resources.     

湿地生态系统服务价值评价去重复性研究的思考

重复计算一直是困扰湿地生态系统服务价值评价的一个难点问题。湿地生态系统服务的复杂性及其组成分的非线性容易导致在计算湿地生态系统服务价值时容易导致重复计算,如果不能正确的去除湿地生态系统服务价值评价中重复计算的部分,会使评估结果的可信度降低。湿地生态系统服务价值评价的重复性计算主要体现在两个方面,总服务价值评价中的重复计算和部分服务之间的重复计算。湿地生态系统服务由湿地生态系统和生物多样性产生,并为人类福祉做出贡献,在这一过程中,湿地生态系统功能与服务的复杂的关系及服务之间的因果关系容易导致在计算生态系统总的服务价值时重复计算的产生,也就是分类时存在重复计算。部分服务之间的重复计算则主要是由于指标的模糊不清、参数的重复和评价方法的选择导致的。通过分析湿地生态系统服务价值评价重复性计算产生的原因,文章提出了一个具体的解决框架,包括最终服务的确定、指标的明确、模型的构建以及评估方法的选择等。首先,将湿地生态系统服务分成中间服务和最终服务,以最终服务作为最终要评价的服务;其次,针对部分服务中可能存在的重复计算,从指标和参数的明确、评价方法的选择和数学模型的构建等方面进行解决;最后,构建一个优化的湿地生态系统服务价值评价体系。希望通过这些解决办法来降低湿地生态系统服务价值评价中重复计算的可能性,以期更加准确的评估湿地生态系统服务。     

Utilization of prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis in women of advanced maternal age in Australia, 1979–1982

This paper reports the results of a complete national survey to measure utilization rates of prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis (P.C.D.) in women of advanced maternal age in Australia. P.C.D. has been available throughout Australia for the last decade. Every laboratory in Australia providing a P.C.D. service for the years 1979–1982 took part in this study. Utilization rates (both National and State rates) by ages of mothers, are presented. Big interstate differences exist. The 1982 National P.C.D. utilization rate for pregnant women who were 40 years of age and over was 38.8 per cent, and this rate has shown an average annual increase of 9 per cent. In those four States which offered P.C.D. to pregnant women of 35 years or over the median utilization rate was 20 per cent. These Australian rates indicate an under-utilization of P.C.D. services with (in 1982) 50–80 per cent of ‘at risk’ women not being tested. Factors which influence this are discussed.     

湿地生态系统服务价值能值评估——以珠江三角洲城市群为例

湿地生态系统服务价值越来越被人类所认可,但由于湿地生态系统结构、功能、生态过程等的复杂性及现有价值评估方法的局限性,给湿地生态系统保护工作的推进造成了一定影响.基于此,本研究在厘清沼泽、湖泊、水库/坑塘、河流及滨海湿地生态系统差异性的基础上,根据生态系统存量流量变化、生态过程带来的附加影响和全球性生态系统服务在局地的分摊及人类感受将湿地生态系统服务价值分为直接价值(增加生物量、固碳释氧、提供水源、补给地下水、增加底泥)、间接价值(净化大气、水,营养物质运移、调节温湿度、提供水电)和存在价值(调节气候、维持生物多样性、旅游休闲+航运价值、文化教育价值);然后使用能值分析方法构建了非货币量的湿地生态系统服务价值评估框架和方法学,该框架尝试解决核算缺乏统一标准、重复计算和跨空间尺度数据转化等难题;并以珠江三角洲城市群为例,核算其湿地生态系统服务价值.该研究能为湿地生态系统差异性保护与管理、生态补偿机制的确立和完善提供一定的科学依据.     

做好企业的环境教育为内蒙古经济又好又快发展服务——内蒙古企业环境保护责任教育行动的实践与探索

本文通过“中国环境意识项目一内蒙古企业环境保护责任教育行动计划”项目在内蒙古的实施,充分证明了在企业开展环境保护的培训,尤其是对企业的负责人进行环境保护责任教育,培育他们形成正确的环境价值观和发展观,最终实现提高企业领导的环境保护意识以及参与环境保护能力是非常有必要的,为内蒙古经济社会又好又快发展起到了积极的推动作用。     

荒漠生态系统服务功能及其价值研究

荒漠生态系统是整个生物明中分布较广的一个系统,是陆地生态系统中的一个重要的子系统,对这一广大区域的生态系统服务功能的正确认识,是经济发展和生态环境建设的重要依据.本文从生态系统服务功能的角度归纳了荒漠生态系统类型以及荒漠生态系统服务功能,主要有旅游服务、涵养水分和水源、保持水土、净化水体和空气、营养元素循环、物质生产、污染物降解、有机质、截留降水、涵养水分、土壤C的积累、农田生态系统服务、单位面积及区域生态系统服务价值等,以及评价荒漠生态系统服务功能价值的模型和方法,为正确评价荒漠生态系统服务功能提供依据.     

大伙房水库上游地区森林生态系统服务功能价值评估

运用市场价值法、机会成本法、影子价格法、费用分析法、影子工程法、旅行费用法和替代花费法对大伙房水库上游地区森林生态系统服务功能价值进行评估,计算得到研究区森林生态系统服务功能总价值为101．07亿元／a,其中物质生产价值2．19亿元／a,大气调节价值33．93亿元／a,水分调节价值12亿元／a,环境净化价值23．66亿元／a,土壤保护价值8．62亿元／a,生物多样性维持价值12．17亿元／a,休闲文化价值8．49亿歹己／8。研究结果显示,研究区森林生态系统具有健全的生态服务功能,有效地达到了调节大气、涵养水源、防洪蓄洪、保持土壤等生态效益,有着极其重要的生态保护价值。     

京津冀“生态系统服务转型”及其空间格局

以1980年、2000年、2015年土地利用类型、NPP和统计数据为基础,运用GIS和生态系统服务价值测算方法,分析京津冀食物生产与固碳释氧两种服务的变化及其空间格局,揭示“生态系统服务转型”的原因。结果表明:（1）35年来,京津冀土地利用变化以建设用地扩张和耕地减少为主。1980年和2000年,NPP的高值区主要位于山区,2015年NPP的高值区主要位于平原。（2）1980-2000年京津冀生态系统服务变化以食物生产服务增加与固碳释氧服务降低为主,2000-2015年京津冀以食物生产服务与固碳释氧服务同时增加为主。“生态系统服务转型”模式为“食物生产+固碳释氧–”→“食物生产+固碳释氧+”。（3）农业生产力提升、林地面积与质量和耕地质量、草地质量提升是“生态系统服务转型”的主要原因。     

Effects of Urban Development on Ant Communities: Implications for Ecosystem Services and Management

Abstract:  Research that connects the effects of urbanization on biodiversity and ecosystem services is lacking. Ants perform multifarious ecological functions that stabilize ecosystems and contribute to a number of ecosystem services. We studied responses of ant communities to urbanization in the Lake Tahoe basin by sampling sites along a gradient of urban land development. We sampled ant communities, measured vegetation characteristics, quantified human activities, and evaluated ant-community responses by grouping ants into service-providing units (SPUs), defined as a group of organisms and their populations that perform specific ecosystem services, to provide an understanding of urbanization impacts on biodiversity and their delivery of ecosystem services. Species richness and abundance peaked at intermediate levels of urban development, as did the richness of 3 types of ant SPUs (aerators, decomposers, and compilers). With increasing land development aerator and decomposer ants significantly declined in abundance, whereas compiler ants significantly increased in abundance. Competing models demonstrated that precipitation was frequently among the strongest influences on ant community structure; however, urban development and human activities also had a strong, negative influence on ants, appearing in most models with ΔAIC_c < 2 for species richness and abundance patterns of SPUs and generalists. Response diversity was observed within SPUs, which suggests that the corresponding ecosystem services were maintained until development reached 30–40%. Our data provide evidence that ecosystem functions, such as water infiltration and soil productivity, may be diminished at sites subject to greater levels of urbanization and that conserving ant communities and the ecosystem services they provide could be an important target in land-use planning and conservation efforts.