Some characteristics of plutonium distribution in the atmospheric air and plants in the zone surrounding the Mayak Production Association

The results of long-term studies on plutonium distribution in the atmospheric air and plants in the area surrounding the Mayak Production Association in the years 1976–1995 are summarized. Data are presented on the changes in plutonium concentration in the air overtime at some points located in the survey zone and the impact zone of the industrial enterprise as compared to those in the control region. In addition, data on the changes in air plutonium concentration depending on the season and direction of wind are presented; the ratios between plutonium concentrations in the air and the fallout are analyzed.Translated from Ekologiya, No. 1, 2005, pp. 20–25.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Chudin, Shcherbakova, Maslovskii, Kocheva, Iovlev, Denisenko, Demin, Mamin, Chebotina.     

特厚倾斜煤层采空区对公路路基沉降影响研究

为了研究采空区导致上覆复杂岩层运移致使公路路基沉降问题,以颗粒流理论为基础,通过下落法构建模型。根据煤层位置,假设了7种采空区长度进行模拟。模拟的结果为岩层应力、应变在不同情况下的最终状态,同时提出了影响区和松散堆积区的概念。结果表明,由于岩层构造复杂,在不同情况下主要影响区和松散堆积区的发展变化是不同的,特别是岩层4的作用较为特殊。根据公路路基设计规范,采空区只限于假设1和假设2的采空区范围内,路基沉降才能满足规范要求。     

建设生态社区的若干思考

建设生态社区作为２１世纪解决人类居住地环境恶化和生态破坏问题的方法，正日益受到重视和肯定。生态学在城市社区规划和建设中的应用为社区研究提供了指导思想和理论依据。本文尝试用生态学的基本原理探讨社区建设中社区规模、生态流、可持续性等问题，寻求社会、经济、自然三个子系统持续发展的生态社区规划和建设的途径。     

基于条件模拟的污染场地土壤修复量的确定研究

针对一般空间插值方法的局限性,以某铁合金厂污染场地为例,利用基于地统计的条件模拟法对研究区待修复的范围及土方量进行评估,定量评价土壤修复量估算结果的不确定性所带来的风险大小,并引入传递函数量化决策结果与风险损失之间的关系,提出一种以风险损失最小化为原则的修复范围划定方法.同时,将结果与利用反距离权重法、径向基函数法和普通克里格法得到的评估结果进行对比分析.研究结果显示,利用条件模拟法可以得到超过修复目标的污染概率的空间分布,进而得到确定不同土壤修复量时所面对的风险大小.研究区大部分面积的土壤中Mn的超标概率在20%~70%,超标概率较高的区域集中在场区北部和西南部.如果分别将超标概率在30%和50%以上的区域作为修复范围,所面对的相对风险值将分别为4.1%和56.5%.此外,通过与传递函数相结合,利用条件模拟法可以得到基于风险损失的修复范围,按照本研究所设定的风险损失条件,得到风险损失最小的待修复土方量为32.4×104m3.该方法将有助于决策者从风险损失出发对污染场地修复范围进行合理划定.     

塔里木河流域游牧定居问题的初步研究

塔里木河干流传统的游牧生产方式造成乱挖引水口，不仅水资源浪费很大，而且给环境治理带来很大困难。进行游牧定居和实行农牧结合将会促进牧民脱贫致富和环境治理。区域实现游牧定居的有利条件是：光热资源丰富，宜农荒地面积大；沿河两岸草地质量较好，适于发展人工灌溉草场；水资源利用潜力大；定居人口数量不多     

Emergy Evaluation of a Village Ecosystem in Wolong Nature Reserve in China

Abstract

Due to historic reasons, there are several human settlements in nature reserves and national parks, which may constitute a threat to biodiversity. Establishment of nature reserves may however generate constraints for development of local communities residing in these reserves. The village ecosystem of Zhuanjinglou Village in Wolong Nature Reserve includes population, farming and livestock (domestic and alpine) and forest ecosystem. An emergy analysis of agro-ecosystem (including the farming and livestock ecosystem) and energy consumption in Zhuanjinglou Village indicates that livestock ecosystem plays an important role in village ecosystem, which may be the source of great pressure on the state of the local environment. The increasing ratio of electricity in energy consumption may play a positive role for environmental conservation. Despite some successful experiences, there are some remaining issues that need to be addressed in the ecological rehabilitation of the village ecosystem.     

人工冻结法调控多年冻土区桩基础地温场的效果分析*

为了解决青藏铁路运营过程中,由于多年冻土地基的升温退化,部分多年冻土区桥梁桩基础承载性能下降,产生有害沉降变形,进而造成桥梁上部结构移位破坏,甚至部分桥梁桩基础在短时间内产生较大的沉降变形这一严重问题。基于当前多年冻土区桥梁桩基础沉降病害快速抢修技术空缺,提出人工冻结技术处置多年冻土区桥梁桩基础沉降病害的新设想,利用数值软件建立冻结管-桩基础三维模型分析该技术的可行性与调控效果,分析冻结参数、场地冻土条件等对冻结效果的影响。研究结果表明:人工冻结法可以快速降低桩周多年冻土温度;同时,冻结96 h可以对桩基地温场起到较好的冷却效果;冻结管至桩的距离对冻结效果的影响最为显著,冻土的含冰量越大,则降温速率越慢。     

Expansion of Evergreen Conifers to the Larch-Dominated Zone and Climatic Trends

The expansion of so-called evergreen conifers (EGCs), including Siberian stone pine, spruce, and fir, along the transect oriented from the boundary of the larch-dominated zone (LDZ; mixed forests of the Yenisei Ridge) to its center has been studied. The normalized dispersal coefficient calculated as K _i = (n _i – N _i )/(n _i + N _i ), where n _i and N _i are the relative numbers of the ith species in the undergrowth and the upper layer, respectively, serves as an indicator of the expansion. It has been found that the K _i values for EGCs (and birch) are higher than the K _i of larch even in the zone absolutely dominated by larch, where the relative numbers of EGCs in the upper layer is less than 1%. The EGC undergrowth has mainly been formed during the past 20–30 years, which is correlated with the trend of summer temperatures The spread of EGCs in the LDZ depends on the frequency of forest fires. The decrease in the time intervals between fires in the 20th century to 65 years (versus 100 years in the 19th century) may have prevented the expansion of competing species in the LDZ. The results obtained indicate that EGCs and birch penetrate into the zone traditionally dominated by larch, which is related to climatic changes during the past three decades. At the same time, tree stand density is increasing in the forest-tundra ecotone, and larch is spreading further into the tundra zone.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 3, 2005, pp. 186–193.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kharuk, Dvinskaya, Ranson, Im.     

岷江上游聚落分布规律及其生态特征——以四川理县为例

聚落是人类生存的重要空间形式，而聚落生态系统是人类生态系统的基本功能单位。山区聚落生态系统是山区人地关系的集中反映。岷江上游既是一个多民族聚居区，又是典型的生态环境脆弱区。岷江上游特殊的地理环境和生态条件 决定了聚落垂直分布的超常规性及其与自然垂直生态带的适应性。生态脆弱区聚落的发展受到耕地、能源和水资源的制约。聚落生态系统是区域生态系统的重要组成部分。聚落生态系统质量的提高既有赖于区域环境的改善，又可以为区域环境的改善创造条件。目前，由于人口的大量增加，人类活动的加剧，岷江上游聚落生态系统面临着更加严峻的生态和经济问题。要解决这些问题，除采取区域性的措施外（如停止对天然林的砍伐），还必须在聚落生态系统的水平上采取适当的对策。     

冲小孔废料堵塞原因分析及解决方法

分析了冲小孔废料堵塞的各种原因 ,从模具、材料 ,设备三方面介绍了解决冲小孔废料堵塞的方法