北京市工业污染场地修复现状、问题及对策

工业企业搬迁遗留的大量污染场地,是城市土地开发的重要来源。我国污染场地修复工作起步较晚,污染场地风险管理与修复体系尚不健全。通过北京市污染场地案例调研,分析了北京市污染场地调查评估、修复以及监管概况,探讨北京市污染场地修复工作中目前存在的标准缺失、原位绿色修复技术缺乏和监管内容不完整等问题,并从技术标准支撑体系、绿色可持续修复理念和全过程监管框架等方面提出对策,以期为北京市污染场地管理与修复体系的建立提供参考。     

Assessing the impact of driverless haul trucks in Australian surface mining

Australia has been a leading mining nation and its mines continue to attract substantial investment due to its strong mineral endowment, mining tradition and high skills base. In recent years Australian mining companies have been facing higher labour costs, which need to be offset by other savings. Automating mine-site machinery offers one potential source of such savings.Underground mines pioneered automated technology largely for safety and mine accessibility reasons and to reduce operating costs. Yet these operations now represent a much smaller portion of the total ore tonnes mined due to the changing mining techniques meaning larger lower grade deposits are becoming economic. It appears the future of mine automation will be directed by surface mining as this maturing technology finds further applications above ground and in the next decade large scale open pit automation trials gain more momentum.This paper assesses the implications of introducing driverless haul trucks in a typical large remote Australian open-pit mine. Such automation will save employee and associated costs, increase operational productive hours and ultimately will reduce mine site workforce numbers. While there will be fewer jobs per mine, with reduced costs and higher productivity some previously uneconomic mines may again be profitable.The social implications of greater mine site automation are the reduction in population of remote mining towns and a decrease in the lower skilled labour requirements for the mining sector. There will be an increase in fly-in fly-out mining operations and companies will establish remote control centres for automated mines in larger cities. This may decrease overall labour requirements and so reduce employment in the sector; therefore, the government should be mindful of implementing policies that ensure a fair return on the economic rent of mineral leases.     

农村合村并居中居民点土地整理研究——以德州市为例

随着我国城镇化水平的提高,农村居民点用地与耕地、城市建设用地的矛盾日益突出.在综述农村居民点土地整理研究现状的基础上,结合国家农村建设用地标准对德州市农村居民点用地潜力进行了测算,对居民点土地整理的效益进行了评价,并对德州市合村并居中农村居民点土地整理提出了建议.     

西安地铁双线隧道地表沉降预测模型研究

针对西安地铁留核心土、上下半洞开挖、超前小导管注浆加固与水平钢撑锁脚的钢拱架和挂网喷层支护的饱和黄土隧道,根据现场地面沉降监测数据,分析了隧道右线、左线掌子面间隔30m开挖过程中洞顶地表沉降变形的历时变化规律,以及左、右线单洞沉降槽和双线沉降槽的分布特征.结果表明,洞顶地表沉降变形可以划分为初期沉降变形、右线开挖主变形...     

A Nationwide Assessment of the Biodiversity Value of Uganda's Important Bird Areas Network

Abstract:  BirdLife International's Important Bird Areas (IBA) program is the most developed global system for identifying sites of conservation priority. There have been few assessments, however, of the conservation value of IBAs for nonavian taxa. We combined past data with extensive new survey results for Uganda's IBAs in the most comprehensive assessment to date of the wider biodiversity value of a tropical country's IBA network. The combined data set included more than 35,000 site × species records for birds, butterflies, and woody plants at 86 Ugandan sites (23,400 km²), including 29 of the country's 30 IBAs, with data on additional taxa for many sites. Uganda's IBAs contained at least 70% of the country's butterfly and woody plant species, 86% of its dragonflies and 97% of its birds. They also included 21 of Uganda's 22 major vegetation types. For butterflies, dragonflies, and some families of plants assessed, species of high conservation concern were well represented (less so for the latter). The IBAs successfully represented wider biodiversity largely because many have distinctive avifaunas and, as shown by high cross-taxon congruence in complementarity, such sites tended to be distinctive for other groups too. Cross-taxon congruence in overall species richness was weaker and mainly associated with differences in site size. When compared with alternative sets of sites selected using complementarity-based, area-based, or random site-selection algorithms, the IBA network was efficient in terms of the number of sites required to represent species but inefficient in terms of total area. This was mainly because IBA selection considers factors other than area, however, which probably improves both the cost-effectiveness of the network and the persistence of represented species.     

Field bioassessments for selecting test systems to evaluate military training lands in tallgrass prairie. Ecosystem health. V

Ecosystem responses to physical or chemical stress may vary from changes in single organisms to alteration of the structure and function of the ecosystem. These responses to stress cannol be predicted exactly. Ecosystems repeatedly exposed to physical and/or chemical stress can be used to study the separate and combined environmental effects of stress. Such studies also allow the development of procedures to select test systems for the analysis of stress in ecosystems. A preliminary field survey of six military training sites at Fort Riley, Kansas, USA, was conducted to identify and verify ecological test systems for evaluating ecosystem responses to physical and/or chemical stress. Comparisons of these data with data collected concurrently from Konza Prairie Research Natural Area reference sites showed that soil microarthropods, some species of macroarthropods, small mammals, and native earthworm species were negatively affected by stress. In contrast, plant species diversity, plant foliage biomass, soil mycorrhizae, and many soil characteristics were within the boundaries of nominal variations observed on “pristine” Konza Prairie. Introduced European earthworms appeared to be positively affected by training activities. This study provided a test of systematic procedures to support impact analysis, ecological toxicology, and ecosystem risk assessments. This is paper IX in D. J. Schaeffer's “Environmental Audit” series.     

城市住区的生态学及其可持续发展探讨

本文从生态学的角度对城市住区环境因子对人的生理、心理、观念和行为的影响进行了探讨；对城市住区的可持续发展进行了分析，提出了城市住区环境的生态建设与可持续发展的对策。     

无定河流域城镇聚落的历史演变与人地耦合

地处黄河中游的无定河流域,是典型的过渡地带和生态脆弱地区。通过分析流域城镇格局的历史发展过程,以及这一过程中的人地耦合关系,结果表明：流域城镇枢纽地区,在唐代及以前为弓形,城镇空间布局的影响因素以自然因素为主;唐末以后为三角形,城镇空间布局的影响因素以人文因素为主。当代流域城镇格局继承了历史发展的脉络,但城镇发展动力主要是长城沿线的资源开发和城镇建设,这些活动对局部地区的植被覆盖产生了冲击型影响;同时以退耕还林、防风治沙等为代表的生态保护政策也已经显现出积极的效果。建议流域的城镇发展要合理确定人口与建设用地的发展规模、集中在榆横和靖边等主要城镇周边布局,并且以河流为骨架构建生态屏障。     

活性炭强化热活化过硫酸盐降解对硝基苯酚

热活化过硫酸盐（PS）可降解有机污染物,但通常需要较高的反应温度,成为制约降解效率的关键因素之一.为提高热活化PS效率,向反应体系中加入活性炭（AC）并以对硝基苯酚（PNP）为目标污染物,考察AC强化热活化PS降解PNP的效率,分析pH值、PS浓度和AC投加量等因素对PNP降解的影响,确定最佳反应条件.结果表明,AC可以明显强化热活化PS降解PNP,在AC=1.0g/L,PS=2.0mmol/L,PNP=10.0mg/L,T=50℃和pH=3.5条件下,120min时AC/PS体系对PNP降解率可达100.00%,而PS体系对PNP降解率仅为31.69%.自由基猝灭实验表明,AC/PS/PNP体系为自由基反应,SO₄·^-和·OH共同参与PNP降解且以SO₄·^-为主导.机制分析阐明AC上的表面缺陷为活性位点,其与PS中O—O键作用导致O—O键键能降低,进而O—O在热活化下均裂形成SO₄·^-.PNP降解中间产物分析表明AC仅提高了热活化PS降解PNP反应速率,未改变PNP的降解路径.