Transport and humification of dissolved organic matter within a semi-arid floodplain

In order to understand the transport and humification processes of dissolved organic matter(DOM) within sediments of a semi-arid floodplain at Rifle,Colorado,fluorescence excitation–emission matrix(EEM) spectroscopy,humification index(HIX) and specific UV absorbance(SUVA) at 254 nm were applied for characterizing depth and seasonal variations of DOM composition.Results revealed that late spring snowmelt leached relatively fresh DOM from plant residue and soil organic matter down into the deeper vadose zone(VZ).More humified DOM is preferentially adsorbed by upper VZ sediments,while non-or lesshumified DOM was transported into the deeper VZ.Interestingly,DOM at all depths undergoes rapid biological humification process evidenced by the products of microbial by-product-like(i.e.,tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like) matter in late spring and early summer,particularly in the deeper VZ,resulting in more humified DOM(e.g.,fulvic-acid-like and humic-acid-like substances) at the end of year.This indicates that DOM transport is dominated by spring snowmelt,and DOM humification is controlled by microbial degradation,with seasonal variations.It is expected that these relatively simple spectroscopic measurements(e.g.,EEM spectroscopy,HIX and SUVA) applied to depth-and temporally-distributed pore-water samples can provide useful insights into transport and humification of DOM in other subsurface environments as well.     

Impact of combining chlorine dioxide and chlorine on DBP formation in simulated indoor swimming pools

The main objective of this study was to assess the combined use of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and chlorine (Cl2) on the speciation and kinetics of disinfection by-product (DBP) formation in swimming pools using synthetic pool waters prepared with a body fluid analog (BFA) and/or fresh natural water. At 1:25 (mass ratio) of ClO2 to Cl2, there was no significant reduction in the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) for both BFA solution and natural water compared to the application of Cl2 alone. When the mass ratio of ClO2 to Cl2 increased to 1:1, substantial decreases in both THMs and HAAs were observed in the natural water, while there was almost no change of DBP formations in the BFA solution. Haloacetonitriles and halonitromethanes levels in both water matrices remained similar. In the presence of bromide, the overall DBP formation increased in both BFA solution and natural water. For the DBP formation kinetics, after 72 hr of contact time, very low formation of THMs and HAAs was observed for the use of ClO2 only. Compared to Cl2 control, however, applying the 1:1 mixture of ClO2/Cl2 reduced THMs by > 60% and HAAs by > 50%. Chlorite was maintained below 1.0 mg/L, while the formation of chlorate significantly increased over the reaction time. Finally, in a bench-scale indoor pool experiment, applying ClO2 and Cl2 simultaneously produced less THMs compared to Cl2 control and kept chlorite at < 0.4 mg/L, while HAAs and chlorate accumulated over 4-week operation period.     

基于实测的电袋复合除尘器脱除多污染物效果

为了考察电袋复合除尘器脱除多污染物的能力,分别采用US EPA Method 30B方法、DL/T 998-2006《石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫装置性能验收试验规范》、HJ/T 342-2007《水质硫酸盐的测定铬酸钡分光光度法（试行）》、GB/T 16157-1996《固定污染源排气中颗粒物测定与气态污染物采样方法》和国际标准化组织ISO23210-2009《Stationary Source Emissions-Determination of PM₁₀/PM_2.5 Mass Concentration in Flue Gas-Measurement at Low Concentrations by Use of Impactors》对A、B两个燃煤电厂中循环流化床锅炉后的电袋复合除尘器脱除烟气中汞、SO₃、烟尘、PM₁、PM_2.5、PM₁₀六种污染物的效率进行测试试验.结果表明:电袋复合除尘器对烟尘、PM₁₀等颗粒态污染物捕集效率高达99%以上;两个电厂电袋复合除尘器中汞的质量平衡分别为112.05%、72.78%,在70%~130%的允许范围之内;B电厂中电袋复合除尘器进口处烟气中颗粒态汞占总汞含量的比例高达97%,电袋复合除尘器对颗粒态汞的捕集效率达99.93%,对气态汞的捕集效率达86.84%;由于滤袋表面烟尘粉饼具有一定的吸附作用,电袋复合除尘器对SO₃也有一定的捕集能力,A、B电厂电袋复合除尘器对SO₃的脱除效率分别达到90.04%和61.73%,脱除效率可能受到飞灰组分及其吸附能力的影响.研究显示,电袋复合除尘器对循环流化床锅炉烟气中的多污染物具有较高的协同捕集效率.      

Characterization of particulate matter from diesel passenger cars tested on chassis dynamometers

Emission characterization of particle number as well as particle mass from three diesel passenger cars equipped with diesel particulate filter(DPF), diesel oxidation catalyst(DOC)and exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) under the vehicle driving cycles and regulatory cycle.Total particle number emissions(PNEs) decreased gradually during speed-up of vehicle from 17.3 to 97.3 km/hr. As the average vehicle speed increases, the size-segregated peak of particle number concentration shifts to smaller size ranges of particles. The correlation analysis with various particulate components such as particle number concentration(PNC),ultrafine particle number concentration(UFPNC) and particulate matter(PM) mass was conducted to compare gaseous compounds(CO, CO_2, HC and NOx). The UFPNC and PM were not only emitted highly in Seoul during severe traffic jam conditions, but also have good correlation with hydrocarbons and NOxinfluencing high potential on secondary aerosol generation. The effect of the dilution temperature on total PNC under the New European Driving Cycle(NEDC), was slightly higher than the dilution ratio. In addition, the nuclei mode(DP: ≤ 13 nm) was confirmed to be more sensitive to the dilution temperature rather than other particle size ranges. Comparison with particle composition between vehicle speed cycles and regulatory cycle showed that sulfate was slightly increased at regulatory cycle, while other components were relatively similar. During cold start test, semivolatile nucleation particles were increased due to effect of cold environment. Research on particle formation dependent on dilution conditions of diesel passenger cars under the NEDC is important to verify impact on vehicular traffic and secondary aerosol formation in Seoul.     

Complex interplay between formation routes and natural organic matter modification controls capabilities of C60 nanoparticles (nC60) to accumulate organic contaminants

Accumulation of organic contaminants on fullerene nanoparticles (nC₆₀) may significantly affect the risks of C₆₀ in the environment. The objective of this study was to further understand how the interplay of nC₆₀ formation routes and humic acid modification affects contaminant adsorption of nC₆₀. Specifically, adsorption of 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene (a model nonionic, hydrophobic organic contaminant) on nC₆₀ was greatly affected by nC₆₀ formation route – the formation route significantly affected the aggregation properties of nC₆₀, thus affecting the available surface area and the extent of adsorption via the pore-filling mechanism. Depending on whether nC₆₀ was formed via the “top-down” route (i.e., sonicating C₆₀ powder in aqueous solution) or “bottom-up” route (i.e., phase transfer from an organic solvent) and the type of solvent involved (toluene versus tetrahydrofuran), modification of nC₆₀ with Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA) could either enhance or inhibit the adsorption affinity of nC₆₀. The net effect depended on the specific way in which SRHA interacted with C₆₀ monomers and/or C₆₀ aggregates of different sizes and morphology, which determined the relative importance of enhanced adsorption from SRHA modification via preventing C₆₀ aggregation and inhibited adsorption through blocking available adsorption sites. The findings further demonstrate the complex mechanisms controlling interactions between nC₆₀ and organic contaminants, and may have significant implications for the life-cycle analysis and risk assessment of C₆₀.     

Chemical characterization and source apportionment of atmospheric submicron particles on the western coast of Taiwan Strait, China

Taiwan Strait is a special channel for subtropical East Asian Monsoon and its western coast is an important economic zone in China. In this study, a suburban site in the city of Xiamen on the western coast of Taiwan Strait was selected for fine aerosol study to improve the understanding of air pollution sources in this region. An Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer(HR-To F-AMS) and an Aethalometer were deployed to measure fine aerosol composition with a time resolution of 5 min from May 1to 18, 2015. The average mass concentration of PM1 was 46.2 ± 26.3 μg/m~3 for the entire campaign. Organics(28.3%), sulfate(24.9%), and nitrate(20.6%) were the major components in the fine particles, followed by ammonium, black carbon(BC), and chloride. Evolution of nitrate concentration and size distribution indicated that local NOx emissions played a key role in high fine particle pollution in Xiamen. In addition, organic nitrate was found to account for 9.0%–13.8% of the total measured nitrate. Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF)conducted with high-resolution organic mass spectra dataset differentiated the organic aerosol into three components, including a hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol(HOA) and two oxygenated organic aerosols(SV-OOA and LV-OOA), which on average accounted for 27.6%,28.8%, and 43.6% of the total organic mass, respectively. The relationship between the mass concentration of submicron particle species and wind further confirmed that all major fine particle species were influenced by both strong local emissions in the southeastern area of Xiamen and regional transport through the Taiwan Strait.     

Comparison of inorganic chemical compositions of atmospheric TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 in northern and southern Chinese coastal cities

To compare the inorganic chemical compositions of TSP(total suspended paniculate),PM_(10)(particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm) and PM_(2.5)(particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) in southern and northern cities in China,atmospheric particles were synchronously collected in Dalian(the northern city)and Xiamen(the southern city) in spring and autumn of 2004.The mass concentrations,twenty-three elements and nine soluble ions were assessed.The results show that in Dalian,the mass concentrations of Mg,Al,Ca,Mn and Fe in spring were 4.0-10.1,2.6-8.0,4.1-12,1.2-3.6 and 2.9-7.9 times higher,respectively,than those in Xiamen.The dust storm influence is more obvious in Dalian in spring.However,in Xiamen,heavy metals accounted for 13.9%-17.9%of TSP,while heavy metals contributed to 5.5%-9.3%of TSP in Dalian.These concentrations suggest that heavy metal pollution in Xiamen was more serious.In addition,the concentrations of Na~+,Cl~-,Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+) were higher in Dalian due to the influence of marine aerosol,construction activities and soil dust.The NO~(3-)/SO_4~(2-) ratios in Dalian(0.25-0.49) were lower than those in Xiamen(0.51-0.62),indicating that the contributions of vehicle emission to particles in Xiamen were higher.Coefficient of divergence values was higher than 0.40,implying that the inorganic chemical composition profiles for the particles of Dalian and Xiamen were quite different from each other.     

菏泽市冬季大气PM2.5和PM10中碳组分来源解析

为研究菏泽市冬季大气颗粒物中碳组分的污染特征和来源,于2016年1月采集菏泽市冬季大气PM_2.5和PM₁₀样品,基于热光反射法分析样品中OC（有机碳）、EC（元素碳）及8个碳组分[OC1、OC2、OC3、OC4、EC1、EC2、EC3和OP（裂解碳）]的含量,并计算得到ρ（Char-EC）（Char-EC为燃料燃烧后固体残渣中的EC）和ρ（Soot-EC）（Soot-EC为燃烧后气相挥发物质再凝结形成的EC）,以定性识别大气颗粒物中碳组分的来源.结果表明,菏泽市冬季大气颗粒物样品中碳组分浓度处于较高水平,PM_2.5中的ρ（OC）、ρ（EC）分别为26.34、9.22 μg/m3,PM₁₀中ρ（OC）、ρ（EC）分别为31.82、10.71 μg/m3.采样期间大气PM_2.5中碳组分（OC、EC、OC1、OC2、OC3、OC4、EC1、EC2、EC3、Char-EC、Soot-EC）浓度与PM₁₀中相应各组分浓度的比值均大于0.5（0.60~0.90）,表明碳组分多集中于细粒子（PM_2.5）.大气颗粒物样品中各碳组分浓度具有明显空间差异,各点位大气PM_2.5和PM₁₀中ρ（OC）均显著高于ρ（EC）（T检验,P < 0.05）.菏泽市冬季大气PM_2.5和PM₁₀中Char-EC/Soot-EC（二者质量浓度之比）分别为10.04、8.00,并且存在显著的空间差异性（T检验,P < 0.05）.PMF（正定矩阵因子分解法）解析结果表明,菏泽市冬季大气PM_2.5和PM₁₀中碳组分来源主要有4类,包括两类柴油车（1类排放的碳组分中以EC2为主,定义为柴油车-1;1类排放的碳组分中以EC3为主,定义为柴油车-2）、汽油车、生物质燃烧和燃煤混合源,对大气PM_2.5中碳组分的分担率分别为13.98%、5.13%、24.47%、41.97%,对大气PM₁₀中碳组分的分担率分别为16.08%、8.21%、18.34%、47.35%.可见,菏泽市冬季大气PM_2.5和PM₁₀中碳的主要来源是柴油车、汽油车、生物质燃烧和燃煤.      

基于SPAMS的太原市典型生活区停暖前后PM2.5来源及组成

为分析太原市采暖期和非采暖期PM_2.5的特征,利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪（SPAMS）分析太原市典型生活区采暖期（2016年3月11-18日）和非采暖期（2016年4月1-7日）PM_2.5的来源及组成.结果表明:① 采暖期（停暖前）颗粒物有机碳、硫酸盐和多环芳烃等信号强度大于非采暖期（停暖后）,而元素碳、硝酸盐、铵盐等反之.② 为了尽可能排除气象因素的影响,选取风向（东南风）、风级（二级）相同时段的颗粒物进行分析,停暖前后颗粒物主要化学组分为有机碳、混合碳和元素碳,采暖前有机碳占比（达51.9%）最高,非采暖期元素碳占比（32.6%）最高.采暖期有机碳、高分子有机物和左旋葡聚糖占比明显高于非采暖期,元素碳、矿物质和重金属反之.③ 停暖前后首要的两类污染源为燃煤和机动车尾气,二者贡献率之和分别高达70.1%和67.4%,可见本地主要受这两类源的影响.燃煤在采暖期为首要污染源,并且贡献比例高于非采暖期,而机动车尾气在非采暖期为首要污染源,且比例明显高于采暖期.研究显示,采暖和非采暖期虽然首要污染源有所差异,但在污染过程中,机动车尾气源的贡献比例均高于优良时段,说明无论是采暖期还是非采暖期,除燃煤排放的影响外,机动车尾气的影响也需得到重视,建议加强机动车燃油品质的升级,使用清洁煤,并在重污染时段采取相应的管控措施.      

地表空气悬浮颗粒物图像敏感信息智能过滤系统设计研究

在图像过滤系统的设计中,利用当前方法进行过滤系统设计时,没有对图像中敏感信息进行考虑,只是采用基本的方法对图像中全部信息进行过滤,造成信息过滤的准确率较低,且图像质量较差.利用Winsock2 SPI技术对图像敏感信息拦截与过滤进行实现,克服传统过滤系统存在的弊端,提高图像敏感信息过滤准确率的同时,提高了悬浮颗粒物图像的质量,完成对悬浮颗粒物图像敏感信息智能过滤系统的设计.实验结果表明,利用设计的系统有效提高了过滤的准确性与图像的质量.