不同粒径的厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥脱氮性能研究

通过血清瓶批试研究了温度为25℃时,粒径为R1(>2.5mm),R2(1.5~2.5mm),R3(0.5~1.5mm)的厌氧氨氧化(anammox)颗粒污泥的脱氮特性.R1,R2,R3的厌氧氨氧化TN去除速率分别为0.555,0.423,0.456kgN/(kgVSS×d),R1的TN去除活性最大,R2和R3的TN去除活性相差不大.anammox颗粒污泥的厌氧氨氧化TN去除、亚硝态氮反硝化、硝态氮反硝化、好氧氨氧化、好氧亚硝态氮氧化速率平均值分别为0.478,0.028,0.037,0.050,0.033kgN/(kgVSS×d).扫描电镜显示anammox颗粒污泥表面存在孔洞,有助于缓解粒径对传质效率的不利影响.颗粒污泥外部以球状菌为主,可能为好氧氨氧化菌(AOB),有助于缓解氧气对anammox菌的抑制作用;颗粒污泥内部以火山口状的细菌为主,可能为anammox菌.     

河岸带加拿大一枝黄花化学计量学及入侵机理研究

通过对河岸带土壤与加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis L.)全年各生长时期氮、磷质量分数的研究,分析河岸带土壤环境特性,以期探究加拿大一枝黄花成功入侵河岸带的机理.结果显示:研究区土壤中氮元素质量分数上层1.22mg/g,下层0.96mg/g、磷元素质量分数上层0.59mg/g,下层0.55mg/g,较全国土壤平均氮、磷质量分数均偏低,年际变化不明显.N/P平均值较低,且随季节变化逐渐减小.加拿大一枝黄花各部位氮磷质量分数为叶>茎>根.与其他草本植物相比,植株中氮质量分数稍低,磷质量分数则明显偏高.随植物生长期的变化,植株各部分氮磷质量分数均显示前期较高,中期有所下降,后期逐渐升高的趋势.加拿大一枝黄花N/P变化范围2.25~4.75,明显低于其他草本植物,主要原因在于植株有很高的磷质量分数以及土壤环境中氮素的匮乏,说明其生长受到氮素的限制.对植株茎、叶、根中氮、磷元素与N/P进行相关分析表明,茎、叶中磷质量分数与N/P具有显著负相关关系(P<0.05),而根中氮质量分数与N/P具有极显著正相关关系(P<0.01).说明了磷素主导了植物地上部分的生长,而氮素主导地下部分.研究区内土壤氮质量分数严重匮乏、磷质量分数也明显偏低,但加拿大一枝黄花植株中氮质量分数仅稍低于其他草本植物,磷质量分数却显著高于其他植物,可以认为其对氮、磷元素的吸收、积累能力远高于其他草本植物,这可能是加拿大一枝黄花得以在河岸带特殊环境中成功入侵的机理.     

紫茎泽兰与伴生植物小藜的竞争效应及其生理生化特征

外来入侵物种紫茎泽兰（Ageratina adenophora Sprengel）是一种世界性入侵杂草,其与本地物种的竞争会对生态系统结构和演替造成严重影响,带来较大经济损失;拟通过分析紫茎泽兰与本地物种小藜的竞争效应及生理生化特征,以探讨外来入侵物种紫茎泽兰的竞争机理。在温室条件下,设置紫茎泽兰、小藜（Chenopodium serotinum）的种内和种间竞争盆栽试验,测定了两种植物不同处理下的植株生物量;并通过氮蓝四唑光化还原法、紫外吸收法、三氯乙酸法和酸性茚三酮法,分别测定了功能叶片的超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量。结果表明：紫茎泽兰与小藜混种时,紫茎泽兰的单株生物量、相对产量（RY）均显著高于小藜对应指标,其竞争平衡指数（CB）显著大于0,而相对产量总和（RYT）显著小于1。混种与单种的结果比较表明,紫茎泽兰的混种生物量比在单种时显著增高,增幅达22.01%;而小藜的混种生物量比在单种时显著降低,降低了44.81%。在混种中,紫茎泽兰功能叶片的丙二醛、脯氨酸含量均比在单种时显著降低,而超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性均比在单种时显著升高;小藜功能叶片的丙二醛含量显著高于单种,而脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性与单种无显著变化。这说明紫茎泽兰的相对竞争能力比小藜强,紫茎泽兰通过调整生理生化特征来应对种间竞争可能是其竞争取胜的重要策略。     

黄山夏季气溶胶光学特性观测分析

利用2011年6~8月黄山光明顶气溶胶光学参数的观测资料,分析了气溶胶各光学参数的逐日变化和非降水条件下日变化特征,并结合Hysplit后向轨迹模式,探讨了不同气团影响下气溶胶光学参数的变化特征.结果表明:黄山光明顶气溶胶消光作用以散射为主,观测期间气溶胶散射系数(σsc)、吸收系数(σab)、单次散射反照率(SSA)和后向散射比(BSR)的平均值(标准差)分别为62.59(49.17) Mm-1、5.49(3.67) Mm-1、0.89(0.04)和0.13(0.02);各光学特征量具有明显日变化特征.σsc、σab和SSA白天高,夜间低, BSR则相反,边界层活动是影响光明顶气溶胶光学性质日变化的主要因素.聚类分析结果显示光明顶主要受西北方大陆性气团、西南方大陆性气团以及东南方海洋性气团的影响.不同气团影响下,气溶胶光学参数有很大差异,其中北方大陆性气团影响下的σab、σsc和SSA最大,东南方海洋性气团影响下最小,表明大陆性气团传输过程中二次气溶胶生成的影响较为明显.     

高效稠油降解菌DL1-G的筛选及降解特性

从大连保税库区稠油污染土壤中分离出1株稠油降解菌DL1-G,经形态观察、生化鉴定、16S rRNA序列及系统发育分析,鉴定该菌株为弯曲芽孢杆菌(Bacillus flexus).菌株DL1-G在第9d对稠油的降解率为39.89%,饱和烃和芳香烃的总含量降低了68.30%;GC-MS分析显示,饱和烃中nC11~nC38、nC6~nC30-烷基环已烷及姥鲛烷(27.179min)、植烷(30.657min)降解完全、未检出,C14~C16二环倍半萜烷及8α(H)-补身烷、8β(H)-补身烷、8β(H)-升补身烷降解率达99%以上,13β(H),14α(H)-C19~C29三环萜烷共降解了36.32%,11种甾烷类化合物共降解了12.04%;芳烃中萘系物、菲系物、芴系物、二苯并噻吩系物、联苯系物、甲基芘系物等都有不同程度降解,其中萘系物、芴系物、二苯并噻吩系物的降解率均达90%以上;菌株DL1-G对多环芳烃(PAHs)中的蒽、菲、芴、芘、萘的降解率分别达98.55%、97.16%、82.98%、64.85%、63.61%,表明该菌株在稠油污染治理方面具有良好的应用潜力.     

盐碱草原土壤特性及生物量空间异质性研究

土壤盐分是土壤特性中最活跃和复杂的一部分。受土壤性质、气象、地形、地下水文及长期地球化学过程等自然条件和耕作、灌溉等人类活动因子的影响,土壤水分、盐分的变异状态在一定程度上反映了土壤各层的盐渍化程度和状态。而土壤盐分与水分、土壤物理性质等有十分密切的联系,因此,运用地统计学研究采用振动深松集成技术改良盐碱化草原前后土壤水分、盐分等特性的空间变异规律,以地理信息系统ArcGIS为平台,建立土壤水分、盐分等图形数据和属性数据相结合的信息数据库,建立其空间分异模型和空间分布图,直观的表现各特性的空间变异规律。结果表明,采用振动深松集成技术后土壤盐分含量在空间上有递减,平均ρ（土壤盐）由5.60g.L-1下降到3.73 g.L-1;土壤容重、土壤硬度分别降低13%和24%,利于牧草根系生长,生物量变异结果显示,改良前后的草层高度和产量空间分布逐渐达到了均一化,牧草产量达到了2738.1 kg.hm-2,实现了植被全覆盖,盐碱化草原得到了恢复。     

OFFSITE MEASUREMENT OF THE VISUAL CLARITY OF WATERS1

ABSTRACT: The black disk method for measuring visual water clarity in situ is becoming established as a simple but robust method for optically characterizing natural waters. However, in spite of its virtues, the method is limited by a practical visibility minimum of around 0.1 m and the requirement for direct access to the water body at a point where there is adequate lighting for the visual observations. A method has been devised for measuring black disk clarity off-site on samples of waters, diluted if necessary, and contained in a trough constructed of galvanized steel. In 23 streams, rivers, and lakes of diverse optical and physical character, measurements of visual clarity of water samples contained in troughs agreed closely with in situ measurements and correlated well (inversely) with the beam attenuation coefficient measured by transmissometer. Therefore, at sites where in situ measurement is difficult, visual clarity of waters can be measured offsite on a water sample. Furthermore, the visibility of samples diluted with tap water of known clarity was predictable from a simple balance on light attenuation. This means that useful visual clarity measurements on very turbid waters and effluents can be made in a trough containing volumetrically diluted samples, so extending application of the black disk method to very low visual ranges.     

Lignin-based Carbon Fibers: Effect of Synthetic Polymer Blending on Fiber Properties

Carbon fibers have been produced from hardwood lignin/synthetic polymer blend fibers. Hardwood kraft lignin was thermally blended with two recyclable polymers, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and polypropylene (PP). Both systems were easily spun into fibers. A thermostabilization step was utilized prior to carbonization to prevent fusion of individual fibers. For the lignin-based carbon fibers, careful control of heating rate was required. However, PET–lignin blend fibers can be thermostabilized under higher heating rates than the corresponding homofibers. Carbon fiber yield decreased with increasing incorporation of synthetic plastic. However, carbon fiber yield obtained for a 25% plastic blend fiber was still higher than that generally reported for petroleum pitch. Blend composition also affected surface morphology of the carbon fibers. Immiscible lignin–PP fibers resulted in a hollow and/or porous carbon fiber; whereas carbon fiber produced from miscible lignin–PET fibers have a smooth surface. Synthetic polymer blending also affected the mechanical properties of the fibers, especially MOE; lignin-based carbon fiber properties improved upon blending with PET.     

Properties of Starch/PVA Blend Films Containing Citric Acid as Additive

Starch/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blend films were prepared successfully by using starch, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), glycerol (GL) sorbitol (SO) and citric acid (CA) for the mixing process. The influence of mixing time, additional materials and drying temperature of films on the properties of the films was investigated. With increase in mixing time, the tensile strength (TS), elongation (%E), degree of swelling (DS) and solubility (S) of the film were equilibrated. The equilibrium for TS, %E, DS and S value was 20.12 MPa, 36.98%, 2.4 and 0.19, respectively. The mixing time of equilibrium was 50 min. TS, %E, DS and S of starch/PVA blend film were examined adding glycerol (GL), sorbitol (SO) and citric acid (CA) as additives. At all measurement results, except for DS, the film adding CA was better than GL or SO because hydrogen bonding at the presence of CA with hydroxyl group and carboxyl group increased the inter/intramolecular interaction between starch, PVA and additives. Citric acid improves the properties of starch/PVA blend film compared to glycerol and sobitol. When the film was dried at low temperature, the properties of the films were clearly improved because the hydrogen bonding was activated at low temperature.     

建筑物最佳机械排烟量的研究

基于工程性能的防排烟设计,最佳机械排烟量的确定是个关键性的问题。在分析火灾中烟流性状的基础上,给出了火灾安全疏散判别依据,从烟控系统性能化设计的角度提出了最佳机械排烟量的基本思想,并利用实例进行了验证。计算结果表明:综合了安全性和经济性的最佳排烟量定义是正确的,该建筑物的最佳机械排烟量为72m3/(h.m2)。研究成果对建筑物防排烟系统的性能化设计具有重要参考价值。