化学工业园区重大事故场外应急预案编制技术研究

阐述化学工业园区重大事故场外应急预案编制的技术路线;把编制过程分为调查评估、制度设计、预案编写3阶段,其中调查评估是基础,制度设计是关键;指出危险源辨识、脆弱性分析、应急资源评估、应急组织架构及其职责确定、应急救援运行机制设计等是化学工业园区重大事故场外应急预案编制的工作要点;提出"基本预案+应急功能程序+支持附件"的化学工业园区重大事故场外应急预案结构模式。该编制技术对促进化学工业园区重大事故场外应急预案的科学化、规范化和可操作性具有指导意义。     

科学构建化工园区安全生产长效机制的关键要素

针对我国化工园区的发展现状和存在的问题,结合本质安全等现代先进安全管理理念,系统地分析了强化化工园区安全生产长效机制关键要素的手段和措施,为提高化工园区和相关行业的安全管理现状提供了科学依据。指出当前强化园区总体规划和布局论证以及严格执行园区准入制度的重要性;阐明建设项目本质安全化是重要关键所在,应通过在项目构建的不同阶段,分步实施本质安全化设计策略;考虑到园区重大事故多米诺效应概率显著增加,理论研究确定了爆炸和火灾触发多米诺效应的概率和临界距离;特别强调重大危险源的控制和管理是核心问题,提出了园区重大危险源的三级安全管理模式和园区应急资源评估模式。     

重大危险源安全监管基础数据标准化研究

重大危险源安全监管必须依靠信息化技术,但我国缺乏相关的标准规范,各级安全监管信息系统互不兼容,形成信息孤岛。本文研究了重大危险源安全监管信息系统标准化建设的内容和需求,提出目前最急迫的是数据标准类规范。通过对安全监管政务的工作流程和内容的分析,应用全程一体化精细建模方法基于重大危险源政务模型提取了基础数据元,并研究了基础数据元与基于XML的数据交换规范的编制。     

Elemental Contamination of Rainwater by Airborne Dust in Tamale Township Area of the Northern Region of Ghana

Rainwater samples were collected from Tamale town in the 1997 and 1998 rainy seasons. During this period road construction in the Tamale area resulted in the generation of suspended dust in the atmosphere. Analysis of the samples for major ions showed elevated levels of Cl^–. Ion ratios with Cl^– (Na⁺/Cl^–, K⁺/Cl^–, Ca²⁺/Cl^–/Cl^– Mg²⁺/Cl^– and SO₄ ^2–/Cl^–) in rainwater samples were higher than the corresponding ratios in seawater. Some samples also showed elevated concentrations of Fe, Mn, Al and Zn, all of which except Zn showed a correlation with the dry periods between rainfall events. Consequently, it was concluded that dust generated from lateritic soils was probably the major cause of the increase in concentration of these metals. Aluminium and Fe concentrations were observed to be higher than the World Health Organization drinking water guide limits.     

Effect-Directed Analysis of Key Toxicants in European River Basins. A Review (9 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope Extensive monitoring programs on chemical contamination are run in many European river basins. With respect to the implementation of the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD), these programs are increasingly accompanied by monitoring the ecological status of the river basins. Assuming an impact of chemical contamination on the ecological status, the assignment of effects in aquatic ecosystems to those stressors that cause the effects is a prerequisite for taking political or technical measures to achieve the goals of the WFD. Thus, one focus of present European research is on toxicant identification in European river basins in order to allow for a reduction of toxic pressure on aquatic ecosystems according to the WFD. Main Features: An overview is presented on studies that were performed to link chemical pollution in European river basins to measurable ecotoxic effects. This includes correlation-based approaches as well as investigations that apply effect-directed analysis (EDA) integrating toxicity testing, fractionation and non-target chemical analysis. Effect-based key toxicants that were identified in European surface waters are compiled and compared to EU priority pollutants. Further needs for research are identified. Results: Studies on the identification of effect-based key toxicants focused on mutagenicity, aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated effects, endocrine disruption, green algae, and invertebrates. The identified pollutants include priority pollutants and other well-known environmental pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, furans, and biphenyls, nonylphenol, some pesticides and tributyltin, but also other compounds that were neither considered as environmental pollutants before nor regulated such as substituted phenols, natural or synthetic estrogens and androgens, dinaphthofurans, 2-(2-naphthalenyl)benzothiophene, and N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine. Discussion: Individual studies at specific sites in a European river basin demonstrated the power of combined biological and chemical analytical approaches and, particularly, of effect-directed analysis. However, the available information on effect-based key toxicants is very limited with respect to the entirety of rivers possibly at risk due to chemical contamination and with respect to toxicological endpoints considered at a specific site. A relatively broad basis of information exists only for estrogenicity and aryl hydrocarbon, receptor-mediated effects. Conclusions: The development of tools and strategies for an identification of key toxicants on a broader scale are a challenging task for the next years. Since investigations dealing with toxicant identification are too labor and cost-intensive for monitoring purposes, they have to be focused on the key sites in a river basin. These should include hot spots of contamination, particularly if there is evidence that they might pose a risk for downstream areas, but may also involve accumulation zones in the lower reach of a river in order to get an integrated picture on the contamination of the basin. Perspectives: While EDA is almost exclusively based on measurable effects in in vitro and in vivo biotests to date, an increasing focus in the future should be on the integration of EDA into Ecological Risk Assessment and on the development of tools to confirm EDA-determined key toxicants as stressors in populations, communities and ecosystems. Considering these requirements and applied in a focused way, toxicant identification may significantly help to implement the Water Framework Directive by providing evidence on the main stressors and possible mitigation measures in order to improve the ecological status of a river ecosystem.     

Environmentally sound management of freshwater resources

The principles and basic activities of environmentally sound management of freshwater resources and a cost effectiveness methodology, including the criteria of sound management needed to implement it, are outlined. This management is regarded as a means of integrating environmental concerns with the management of the water resources and it assists the implementation of sometimes conflicting objectives of socioeconomic and ecological development. It promotes sustainable development in river basins.     

基于国家经济安全视角的知识产权审查机制研究

结合知识产权现有的实践活动,结合中国的行政程序,提出了知识产权审查机制的基本框架,实现了知识产权审议的基本程序和开展重大经济活动的一般程序的有机融合。在该基础上,对重大经济活动知识产权审查机制的管理模式进行了概念设计,为构建和完善知识产权审查机制提供了有益的参考。     

基于C/S+B/S混合模式的城市重大危险源管理系统的研究

分析城市重大危险源管理系统的功能结构,针对现阶段技术应用的局限性,笔者提出C/S+B/S混合模式的解决方案;对数据库系统、网络构架及安全性、兼容性和模型系统等关键技术进行研究;开发出基于C/S+B/S混合模式的城市重大危险源管理系统。该系统对解决城市重大危险源统一管理与布局分散的矛盾,实现重大危险源动态监管和重大事故应急指挥智能化,提高事故应急救援指挥和救援行为的效率有重要意义。     

广东科龙集团无氟生产线预混站燃烧爆炸风险分析

广东科龙集团无氟生产线中的预混站是使用环戊烷危险物品配制发泡剂的重大危险源,燃烧爆炸事故风险较大。笔者针对该生产场所重大危险源,应用事故树分析方法,编制了预混站的燃烧爆炸事故树,计算出事故能量及伤害后果。通过对事故树的定性和定量分析,得出事故树的最小割集和最小径集,判定事故发生的可能途径,选定预防事故发生的最佳方案。针对导致事故发生的可能原因组合,制定有效的安全技术措施和管理制度,为国内同类企业预防该类事故提供依据。     

矿山重大事故应急预案编制结构与问题分析

通过分析我国矿山的基本情况和典型事故灾难引发的严重后果,借鉴、总结城市应急救援预案编制技术和事故现场应急救援的实践经验,笔者提出编制矿山重大事故应急救援预案的基本结构,即应急准备、应急响应和预案管理,指出目前矿山重大事故应急救援预案编制过程中存在的问题,为矿山企业编制重大事故应急救援预案提供参考。