以污泥发酵液与尾水混合液为补给碳源的A2/O污染物去除特性

针对我国农村地区污水量波动和断流的排放特性,提出了一种在断流时段补给污水处理系统自身产出的尾水与污泥发酵液混合液的运行模式,以中试A²/O为对象,研究了系统在该运行模式下的污染物去除特性,以期为今后我国农村地区污水处理装置的设计和运行提供新的思路.结果表明,尾水与发酵液以12：1的比例混合后作为碳源与原水相比具有更好的反硝化和释/吸磷特性,具有强化脱氮除磷的功能;以尾水与发酵液混合液在断流时段作为补给碳源可改善系统对TN和TP的去除效率,其平均去除率分别由69.27%和86.94%提升到73.34%和89.94%,相应地平均出水浓度分别由15.77 mg ·L^-1和0.80 mg ·L^-1降低到13.76 mg ·L^-1和0.64 mg ·L^-1.16S rRNA基因测序结果表明,随着实验的进行,系统中5种常见的水解酸化菌属、6种聚磷菌属和4种反硝化菌属的相对丰度得到提升;通过对系统活性污泥性状的长期监测可以看出,以尾水与发酵液混合液在断流时段作为补给碳源会恶化系统活性污泥的沉降性能,系统活性污泥的平均SVI由阶段Ⅰ的106 mL ·g^-1上升至阶段Ⅱ的131 mL ·g^-1,然而这种恶化程度并不会对系统的污泥活性和污染物去除性能造成不利影响,在整个实验过程中系统均未出现污泥膨胀的现象.     

玉米对受污染河道复合沉积物的修复

为减轻城市河道沉积物的受污染程度,利用温室盆栽玉米对其中的污染物进行了修复研究试验.结果表明,玉米体内累积最多的重金属是zn,占沉积物中Zn总量的56.69%,其中地上部分为1 985.56 mg·kg-1,占沉积物中Zn总量的30.16%,其余重金属(Pb、Cu、Ni、Cd)均为地上部分小于地下部分;Cd在玉米地上部分的累积量为2.33 mg·kg-1,为沉积物中Cd总量的40.10%;地上部累积的Zn、Pb、Cu和Ni等重金属数量与其离子交换态量显著相关,与重金属总量相关性不明显.种植玉米后沉积物中大分子有机物逐渐向小分子过渡,有效降低了有机物的污染.玉米的根际作用增加了沉积物中的微生物和酶活性.种植玉米较好地修复了受污染河道复合沉积物.     

污泥制陶粒技术可行性分析与烧结机理研究

研究了污泥烧结陶粒轻骨料的建材性能,分析了污泥制陶粒轻骨料的技术可行性和存在的难题,并从烧结过程的结构形态变化和晶体相反应机理角度讨论了可行的解决办法. 结果表明,当烧结温度为1　050 ℃,烧结时间为30 min时,烧结体的内部产生熔融液相导致烧结体收缩致密化,建材性能显著提高,但抗压强度仍达不到建材标准要求. 其主要原因是污泥中的有机物含量较高,烧结过程中有机物的挥发导致烧结体内部产生较大孔隙,使产品开裂. 污泥烧结体中的主要晶体相是石英、钙黄长石、钙镁磷酸盐和磷酸铝,污泥中磷的含量很高,因此,可添加高铝无机材料促进钙镁磷酸盐和磷酸铝高强晶体相的形成,提高烧结体抗压强度,经调质后利用污泥烧结陶粒轻骨料技术可行.      

昆船污水处理站微孔曝气池的启动研究

昆明船舶公司生活区污水处理站采用改进型的A2/O工艺,直接利用其生活污水培养污泥,并随时观察和分析工艺中的微孔曝气池运行状况。结果表明:采用自然培菌的方法,通过近3个半月的污泥培养,顺利实现微孔曝气池的启动。其中,COD、NH3-N的去除变化反映了曝气池启动的进程,至曝气池启动结束,COD和NH3-N的去除率分别达到了78.4%、75.7%。     

超声波预处理提高污泥好氧消化性能研究

为评价超声波预处理对提高污泥生物消化的作用,采用超声波预处理与好氧消化衔接,测试了污泥消化的溶解性有机物(SCOD)、TSS及蛋白酶变化过程.结果表明,污泥超声波预处理效果较好的能量密度与时间分别为12 kW/L和10 min,此时有机物释放与能量输入之比较优;在此条件下,经预处理后的污泥好氧消化性能明显比未处理的高.消化时间为10.5 d时,经超声波预处理的污泥TSS减量42.7%,而未处理的污泥仅减量20.9%.经超声波预处理后,污泥中的蛋白酶活性明显提高;同时,超声波预处理释放出较多的可溶性物质.因此,增加的可溶性物质与蛋白酶活性使得污泥迅速降解,提高了污泥好氧消化效率,缩短了污泥好氧消化时间.     

添加不同钝化剂降低污泥堆肥的植物毒性研究

高温堆肥后污泥的土地利用可充分发挥资源化、无害化的优势,污泥土地利用防止重金属污染一直是污泥施用中最重要的问题。通过测验发芽率指数这一代表植物毒性的指标证明,通过在污泥堆肥中加入粉煤灰、磷矿粉和草炭等不同的改性剂或重金属钝化剂可大大降低堆肥的植物毒性,从而降低污泥中重金属的可利用性。     

Linking permit markets multilaterally

We formally study the determinants, magnitude and distribution of efficiency gains generated in multilateral linkages between permit markets. We provide two novel decomposition results for these gains, characterize individual preferences over linking groups and show that our results are largely unaltered with strategic domestic emissions cap selection or when banking and borrowing are allowed. Using the Paris Agreement pledges and power sector emissions data of five countries which all use or considered using both emissions trading and linking, we quantify the efficiency gains. We find that the computed gains can be sizable and are split roughly equally between effort and risk sharing.     

用常规活性污泥法及一体化氧化沟新工艺处理生活污水的效果分析

对常规活性污泥法和一体化氧化沟工艺在中原油田基地污水厂的应用效果进行了对比分析。月度抽查对比监测发现,两种生物处理法对有机物均有较好的去除效果。一体化氧化沟工艺是一种新型的生活污水处理技术,它对SS、NH3-N的去除效果优于常规法。连续三天的日均值监测结果表明,新工艺对各种污染物的去除效果达到91%以上。这种工艺集通氧、沉淀、废渣分离和回收为一体,占地面积小,操作简单,在中原油田污水站取得了较好的应用效果。     

Relating meteorological variables and trends in motor vehicle emissions to monthly urban carbon monoxide concentrations

A model which quantifies the relationship between the monthly time series for CO emissions, the monthly time series in ambient CO concentration, and meteorologically driven dispersion was developed. Fifteen cities representing a wide range of geographical and climatic conditions were selected. An eight-year time series (1984–1991 inclusive) of monthly averaged data were examined in each city. A new method of handling missing ambient concentration values which is designed to calculate city-wide average concentrations that follow the trend seen at individual monitor sites is presented. This method is general and can be used in other applications involving missing data. The model uses emissions estimates along with two meteorological variables (wind speed and mixing height) to estimate monthly averages of ambient air pollution concentrations. The model is shown to have a wide range of applicability; it works equally well for a wide range of cities that have very different temporal CO distributions. The model is suited for assessing long-term trends in ambient air pollutants and can also be used for estimating seasonal variations in concentration, estimation of trends in emissions, and for filling in gaps in the ambient concentration record.     

Equity Concerns over Climate Change Mitigation

As a complicated concept with ethical implications, equity or fairness in the field of climate change mitigation concerns the relations not only between individual human beings but also between human beings and the nature. In this paper, after the review of equity between individuals, market and non-market attributes of emissions rights are distinguished and discussed. Based on the argument of equal per capita emissions rights, three types of emissions rights and the concept of minimum emissions rights as social security are proposed.