倒置A2/O-MBR组合工艺处理生活污水效能及膜污染特性

将自制高强度PVA亲水化改性复合膜应用于倒置A2/O-MBR工艺中,处理模拟生活污水,考察了系统对COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷及浊度的去除效果以及膜性能的变化.结果表明,在不同回流比条件下,COD、氨氮、总磷等去除率变化不大,分别大于90%、95%、80%;回流比对总氮的去除效果有一定的影响,回流比为100%时去除率较低,当回流比从100%增加到300%时,去除率相应增大,在膜的高效截留作用下,膜出水浊度始终小于0.05NTU,控制膜通量为(12±0.5)L·(m2·h)-1,连续运行52 d,未对膜进行任何清洗,膜污染平均速率为13.22 Pa·h-1,膜污染进程缓慢.经FTIR分析,多糖和蛋白质是膜有机污染物的主要成分,多为亲水性物质.膜与污染物之间的微观作用力的测定表明LB为膜主要污染物,与FTIR分析一致.     

表面活性剂对生物沥滤去除污泥中铜、锌的影响

将Tween-80,Span-60和甜菜碱,分别添加到城市污水处理厂污泥中,进行序批式生物沥滤,研究表面活性剂的浓度和类型对污泥中Cu,Zn沥滤效果的影响。结果表明,3种表面活性剂的适宜投加量范围依次为:0.5%~0.7%、3.0~6.0 g/L和1.5~3.0 g/L。在此条件下沥滤10 d,Cu和Zn的去除率均可达到80%以上。与未添加表面活性剂相比,硫的氧化利用率也得到了一定的提高。     

浙江省农村生活污水处理现状及其对策

基于浙江省67个县的农村生活污水处理设施的问卷调查结果,统计分析浙江农村生活污水处理设施现状,包括动力情况、处理工艺、执行标准、运维模式、经费来源等,并探讨分析了农村生活污水处理设施排放标准及运维管理的长效性.结果表明:目前浙江农村生活污水处理设施以中小规模(30～60 t·d-1)为主,约80％的设施采用了无动力厌氧+人工湿地处理技术,出水一般执行GB 18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》中的一级B标准,以村镇自管的运维模式为主,年均运维成本为1.3万元·座-1.从省级管理层面应加快制订符合浙江省情的农村生活污水处理设施排放标准,其指标项目数量不宜过多,指标限值可略宽于GB 18918-2002中的一级A标准;并应尽快形成针对责任主体、资金保障、第三方运维的农村生活污水处理设施长效管理机制.     

废弃印刷电路板回收拆解过程中的气体排放物分析

为研究废弃印刷电路板(PCB)在回收加热拆解电子元件过程中所产生的气体排放物的主要成分,使用自行设计的废弃PCB拆解装置进行拆解实验,采用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIRS)、气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)、离子色谱(IC)和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)等分析方法,对实验过程所收集到的气体产物进行成分分析.结果表明,废弃PCB的基板在加热过程中发生了初步分解,基板上的溴化环氧树脂发生了O—C、C—C、C—Br键的断裂,产生了苯酚、2,6-二溴苯酚等有机物;伴随有机气体逸出的还有废弃PCB在加热过程所释放的含有大量S、N、Cl、Br等元素的无机酸性气体;而连续的熔锡过程还使得PCB与焊料中的Sn、Pb、Sb、Hg、Cd、Cr等重金属产生烟尘逸出.     

Reclamation with phytoremediation of area affected by sewage sludge at the Thessaloniki Wastewater Treatment Plant in Sindos (Greece)

The present research focused on the experimental investigation of phytoreclamation of areas affected by sewage sludge disposal and improving the quality of the sludge. It was conducted in two stages: laboratory and pilot applications. This paper reports on the first stage, which tested, under greenhouse conditions, the possibility of using various species of plants cultivated in the sludge from the Thessaloniki Wastewater Treatment Plant (ThWWTP, Greece) with different amendments. The results of the 30-day experiment showed that the quality of the output sludge material varied significantly in comparison to the input sludge material. These variations were considered as positive, as the output sludge obtained texture and structure, aeration conditions were improved, and the content of some trace metals, excess nutrients (e.g., P), and salts (of Na) were reduced. These were all influenced by both the type of treatment and the plant species used. In conclusion, the best treatments, T1, T3, and T4 (soil/sludge mixture 70%/30%, soil/sludge/gravel mixture 50%/25%/25%, and soil/sludge/gravel mixture 45%/45%/10%, respectively), and the best suited plant species, Helianthus annuus L. and Zea mays L., were proposed to be used in the pilot application (in situ) at the site within the ThWWTP.     

Effects of introducing energy recovery processes to the municipal solid waste management system in Ulaanbaatar,Mongolia

Currently, most developing countries have not set up municipal solid waste management systems with a view of recovering energy from waste or reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In this article, we have studied the possible effects of introducing three energy recovery processes either as a single or combination approach, refuse derived fuel production,incineration and waste power generation, and methane gas recovery from landfill and power generation in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, as a case study. We concluded that incineration process is the most suitable as first introduction of energy recovery. To operate it efficiently,3Rs strategies need to be promoted. And then, RDF production which is made of waste papers and plastics in high level of sorting may be considered as the second step of energy recovery.However, safety control and marketability of RDF will be required at that moment.     

Vehicular volatile organic compounds losses due to refueling and diurnal process in China: 2010–2050

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are crucial to control air pollution in major Chinese cities since VOCs are the dominant factor influencing ambient ozone level, and also an important precursor of secondary organic aerosols. Vehicular evaporative emissions have become a major and growing source of VOC emissions in China. This study consists of lab tests, technology evaluation, emissions modeling, policy projections and cost-benefit analysis to draw a roadmap for China for controlling vehicular evaporative emissions. The analysis suggests that evaporative VOC emissions from China's light-duty gasoline vehicles were approximately 185,000 ton in 2010 and would peak at 1,200,000 ton in 2040 without control. The current control strategy implemented in China, as shown in business as usual (BAU) scenario, will barely reduce the long-term growth in emissions. Even if Stage II gasoline station vapor control policies were extended national wide (BAU + extended Stage II), there would still be over 400,000 ton fuel loss in 2050. In contrast, the implementation of on-board refueling vapor recovery (ORVR) on new cars could reduce 97.5% of evaporative VOCs by 2050 (BAU + ORVR/BAU + delayed ORVR). According to the results, a combined Stage II and ORVR program is a comprehensive solution that provides both short-term and long-term benefits. The net cost to achieve the optimal total evaporative VOC control is approximately 62 billion CNY in 2025 and 149 billion CNY in 2050.     

低温下强化水芹浮床对农村污水的深度处理研究

在低温条件下,利用强化水芹浮床对生物净化槽处理后的崇明岛农村生活污水进行深度处理.研究结果表明,水芹在浮床内保持着较好的生长状态,是一种优越的低温条件下浮床植物;强化水芹浮床由纤维填料和水芹交替分布组合而成,提高了浮床内的微生物浓度,强化了浮床对污染物质的降解作用,从而使其对有机质、氮、磷及悬浮物保持着较好的净化效果,平均出水浓度COD≤40 mg/L,NH4+-N≤10 mg/L,TN≤15 mg/L,TP≤1.0 mg/L.     

Effects of introducing energy recovery processes to the municipal solid waste management system in Ulaanbaatar,Mongolia

Currently, most developing countries have not set up municipal solid waste management systems with a view of recovering energy from waste or reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In this article, we have studied the possible effects of introducing three energy recovery processes either as a single or combination approach, refuse derived fuel production, incineration and waste power generation, and methane gas recovery from landfill and power generation in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, as a case study. We concluded that incineration process is the most suitable as first introduction of energy recovery. To operate it efficiently, 3Rs strategies need to be promoted. And then, RDF production which is made of waste papers and plastics in high level of sorting may be considered as the second step of energy recovery. However, safety control and marketability of RDF will be required at that moment.     

南京市雨污分流改造及初期雨水污染研究

南京市雨污分流改造经过多年建设施工,基本上从源头上实现雨污分流,避免污水溢流入秦淮河。初期雨水造成的城市非点源污染是受纳水体的重要污染源,在一些实施了分流制排水系统的城市,经过一段时间的运行,周边水体的污染情况改善不是十分明显。白下区雨污分流改造后,为避免初期雨水对内秦淮河污染,以大中桥泵站北截流沟为例,探讨在沿河截流井设提升泵弃流初期雨水,利用现状截流沟蓄水,结合规划改造大中桥泵站新建蓄水池,为今后雨水利用提供条件。