不同空间配置的湿地植物群落对生活污水的净化作用研究

植物是湿地生态系统的重要组分,湿地湖滨植物群落物种组成和空间格局对湿地水体净化功能具有重要作用。选择茭草（Zizania caduciflora）、野菱（Trapa incisa）、金鱼藻（Ceratophyllum demersum）和蓖齿眼子菜（Potamogeton pectinatus）等4种云南高原湿地常见湖滨带植物物种,以不同配置方式分别构建4种不同植物群落：茭草-金鱼藻-金鱼藻（Z-C-C）、茭草-野菱-金鱼藻（Z-T-C）、茭草-蓖齿眼子菜-蓖齿眼子菜（Z-P-P）、和茭草-蓖齿眼子菜-金鱼藻（Z-P-C）,对不同植物群落净化污水的效果进行对比研究。结果表明：4种不同植物群落人工湿地对生活污水净化效果不同,经过Z-C-C群落处理后水体的COD降低率为（50.56±1.98）%,显著低于Z-T-C群落（69.66±4.15）%、Z-P-P群落（64.29±1.05）%,Z-P-C群落（66.67±1.13）%,（P〈0.05）;经过Z-T-C群落处理后水体TN降低率为（24.69±4.64）%,显著低于Z-C-C群落（53.29±0.71）%、Z-P-P群落（53.36±2.04）%、Z-P-C群落（54.44±0.29）%,（P〈0.05）;各群落对NH4＋-N去除率有显著差异（P〈0.05）,分别为（71.77±0.37）%,（67.22±0.53）%,（69.22±0.13）%,（80.85±0.31）%。研究表明：3种植物配置模式对生活污水的净化效果比2种植物配置模式的好;适当增加沉水植物的配置比例,可提高人工湿地对氮的去除效果;根系发达的植物具有更强的净化效果。     

施用城市污泥对杨树土壤化学特性及金属含量的影响

采用温室盆栽方法,研究城市污泥对杨树土壤化学特性、金属含量的影响。实验设置6个处理：4个不同用量的污泥处理：30（S1）、60（S2）、90（S3）和120 t.hm-2（S4）,以及对照（Control：不施加污泥和肥料）和无机复合肥处理（F：1.5 t.hm-2）。结果表明,施用污泥后,土壤有机质、全氮及全磷均提高,且随污泥施用量的增加而增加。S1~S4处理的土壤有机质、全氮及全磷较Control处理分别提高了32.50%~52.05%、32.00%~95.30%及75.43%~236.25%;较F处理分别提高了47.60%~69.37%、35.04%~99.70%及77.10%~239.46%。但污泥施用降低土壤pH和全钾质量分数,土壤pH较Control和F处理分别下降了0.11~0.42和0.01~0.32,但仍呈弱碱性;土壤全钾质量分数较Control和F处理分别降低了1.65%~21.51%和1.19%~21.14%。随污泥施用量的增加,土壤Cu、Zn、Ca和Na质量分数呈增加趋势,而Mn、Fe、Al、Mg质量分数呈降低趋势,其中Cu和Zn增加明显,并较Control处理分别增加了31.89%~104.36%和38.93%~358.02%,较F处理分别增加了23.10%~90.75%和37.88%~354.55%。总体而言,污泥施用于杨树后,可明显改善土壤的化学特性,但污泥施用量越大,土壤重金属Cu和Zn的质量分数残留越多。     

Nitrogen-retaining property of compost in an aerobic thermophilic composting reactor for the sanitary disposal of human feces

Aerobic composting is a method for the sanitary disposal of human feces as is used in bio-toilet systems. As the products of composting can be utilized as a fertilizer, it would be beneficial if the composting conditions could be more precisely controlled for the retention of fecal nitrogen as long as possible in the compost. In this study, batch experiments were conducted using a closed aerobic thermophilic composting reactor with sawdust as the bulk matrix to simulate the condition of a bio-toilet for the sanitary disposal of human feces. Attention was paid to the characteristics of nitrogen transformation. Under the controlled conditions of temperature at 60°C, moisture content at 60%,anda continuous air supply, more than 70% fecal organic removal was obtained, while merely 17% fecal nitrogen loss was observed over a two-week composting period. The nitrogen loss was found to occur mainly in the first 24 h with the rapid depletion of inorganic nitrogen but with an almost unchanged organic nitrogen content. The fecal NH₄-N which was the main component of the inorganic nitrogen ( > 90%) decreased rapidly in the first day, decreased at a slower rate over the following days, and finally disappeared entirely. The depletion of NH₄-N was accompanied by the accumulation of NH₃ gas in the ammonia absorber connected to the reactor. A mass balance between the exhausted NH₃ gas and the fecal NH₄-N content in the first 24 hours indicated that the conversion of ammonium into gaseous ammonia was the main reason for nitrogen loss. Thermophilic composting could be considered as a way to keep a high organic nitrogen content in the compost for better utilization as a fertilizer.     

Biosorption of Cr(III) from aqueous solution by freeze-dried activated sludge: Equilibrium,kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Batch biosorption experiments were conducted to remove Cr(III) from aqueous solutions using activated sludge from a sewage treatment plant. An investigation was conducted on the effects of the initial pH, contact time, temperature, and initial Cr(III) concentration in the biosorption process. The results revealed that the activated sludge exhibited the highest Cr(III) uptake capacity (120 mg·g⁻¹) at 45°C, initial pH of 4, and initial Cr(III) concentration of 100 mg·L⁻¹. The biosorption results obtained at various temperatures showed that the biosorption pattern accurately followed the Langmuir model. The calculated thermodynamic parameters, ΔG^o (−0.8– −4.58 kJ·mol⁻¹), ΔH^o (15.6–44.4 kJ·mol⁻¹), and ΔS^o (0.06–0.15 kJ·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹) clearly indicated that the biosorption process was feasible, spontaneous, endothermic, and physical. The pseudo first-order and second-order kinetic models were adopted to describe the experimental data, which revealed that the Cr(III) biosorption process conformed to the second-order rate expression and the biosorption rate constants decreased with increasing Cr(III) concentration. The analysis of the values of biosorption activation energy (E_a = −7 kJ·mol⁻¹) and the intra-particle diffusion model demonstrated that Cr(III) biosorption was film-diffusion-controlled.     

现代分子生物学技术在活性污泥微生物菌群多样性研究中的应用

以活性污泥技术为主体的好氧工艺是污水生物处理技术方面应用较为广泛的方法。随着现代分子生物学技术的不断发展,人们对活性污泥中微生物菌群多样性的认识逐渐深化,大量用传统方法未检测到,但在活性污泥中发挥关键作用的微生物逐渐引起研究学者的重视。现代分子生物学技术以FISH技术、实时荧光定量PCR技术、DGGE／TGGE技术、16SrRNA序列比较、T—RFLP技术、AFLP技术等为代表已成为研究微生物微观形态及种群结构特征的主要手段。文章就这些技术在活性污泥微生物菌群多样性研究中的应用进行了总结,为进一步研究污水处理领域活性污泥的微生物菌群多样性提供了必要的依据。     

污水处理厂微孔曝气器选型的探讨

曝气器是污水处理厂的核心设备。目前广泛运用的鼓风机微孔曝气是一种高效节能的曝气方式。选择适当的微孔曝气器是非常重要的,不仅保障污水处理效果稳定,运行成本较低,还能节省设备投资和维护费用。结合微孔曝气器在污水处理厂的运用效果,分析了各种微孔曝气器的性能、特点和优劣,并对污水处理厂微孔曝气器的选型进行了探讨。     

秦皇岛市海水入侵现状及防治对策研究

海水入侵是一种严重的地质灾害,它可引起机井报废、土壤盐渍化、地下管线腐蚀等一系列生态环境问题。秦皇岛市自20世纪80年代开始,在沿海的石河、汤河、洋河、戴河等入海口以及昌黎县、抚宁县灌区,先后发生了海水入侵现象,且有范围越来越广、程度越来越重的趋势,给当地工农业生产带来了巨大影响。通过分析秦皇岛市海水入侵的原因,提出修建沿海防护工程是治理海水入侵的有效措施,合理开采地下水、节约用水、进行污水和雨水资源化、海水淡化等减少淡水开采或补充地下淡水层是解决海水入侵的根本措施。     

原子荧光法测定污泥中总砷含量的不确定度评定

对采用原子荧光法测定污泥中总砷过程中引入的不确定度进行分析,找出了影响测定结果的因素,并对各不确定度分量及合量进行了评定。测量不确定度主要来源于试样称量、标准溶液配制、工作曲线拟合、污泥含水率、各种玻璃量器的使用及测量重复性。其中样品预处理、样品消解液中总砷的质量浓度及污泥含水率所产生的不确定度较大。这对进一步优化试验方法,提高检测结果的准确性有重要意义。     

稠油采出含聚污水微生物处理研究

随着海外河油田聚合物驱采油技术大面积应用,含聚合物(聚丙烯酰胺)污水大量产出。针对含聚污水黏度大、含油多、乳化稳定,采用传统的污水处理方法及设施难以达到油田注水水质标准的问题,在对海外河油田含聚污水水质分析和微生物处理可行性分析的基础上,进行了微生物处理实验,实验表明:经生化处理的污水满足SY/T 5329-2012《碎屑岩油藏注水水质指标及分析方法》。     

污水处理系统中悬浮物形成机理与处理方法

文章以风城油田稀油污水处理为例,分析污水处理系统中悬浮物的形成机理,并对污水含油、悬浮物、固体含量、粒径中值、聚合物含量、细菌、温度、硫化物、二价铁、pH值等水质指标进行分析,找出影响污水处理的主要因素,并对油水悬浮物处理方法进行室内分析及现场物理、化学方法实践,解决污水处理系统中悬浮物问题。