城市污泥堆肥对土壤温室气体排放的短期影响

采用田间试验,施用2种城市污泥堆肥（含生物质炭和不含生物质炭）,通过静态暗箱-气相色谱法研究污泥堆肥土地利用过程温室气体排放特征,探讨施用污泥堆肥的短期影响作用.结果表明,在观测时间内,N₂O排放主要集中在前3周,约占总排放量的87.9%~95.6%.N₂O排放量均随污泥堆肥施用量的增加而增加（P<0.05）,裸地N₂O排放量高于种植作物处理.施用含生物质炭污泥堆肥能减少土壤N₂O排放,且随着施用量的增加,N₂O减少量越大（P<0.05）.CH₄排放量较低,在试验前期和后期主要为负,总体表现为吸收CH₄.各处理吸收CH₄主要集中在第18d以后,其CH₄吸收量占总吸收量的52.1%~66.7%.施用含生物质炭污泥堆肥处理CH₄吸收量比不含生物质炭污泥堆肥处理低35.2%~62.2%,同时,裸地CH₄吸收量明显高于种植作物处理（P<0.05）.CO₂排放也主要集中在18d以后,约占排放总量的50.5%~61.8%.种植作物能促进CO₂的排放,种植作物处理是裸地的1.34~1.57倍.在观测时间内,污泥堆肥土地利用是CH₄的弱吸收汇,是N₂O和CO₂的排放源,施加污泥堆肥能显著增加土壤N₂O和CO₂的排放.施用生物质炭污泥堆肥短期内能够减少温室气体总排放量,温室气体减排量达到20.41%~62.51%.     

产甲烷抑制剂氯仿对污泥厌氧消化中同型产乙酸作用的影响

厌氧消化是城市污泥常用的资源化处理方式,添加产甲烷抑制剂得到的发酵产物乙酸相比于甲烷被认为更具附加值.同型产乙酸途径是污泥厌氧发酵产乙酸途径之一,然而产甲烷抑制剂的存在对其影响尚不明确,这对污泥厌氧发酵产酸工艺的优化和应用至关重要.本文研究了不同氯仿浓度抑制产甲烷条件下挥发性脂肪酸、气体浓度及同型产乙酸菌和总细菌数量的变化,基于乙酸的稳定性碳同位素分馏效应分析了不同温度条件下氯仿对同型产乙酸作用的影响.结果显示,0.1%和0.5%(V/V)氯仿浓度条件下最高乙酸浓度分别为24.5和22.4 mmol·L~(-1),远低于对照组的52.6 mmol·L~(-1).氯仿抑制产甲烷条件下乙酸的稳定碳同位素丰度δ~(13)C值均高于污泥有机质的δ~(13)C值,50℃时乙酸的δ~(13)C值最高,且同型产乙酸菌相对丰度也低于15和30℃条件下.可见,产甲烷抑制剂氯仿同时能够抑制同型产乙酸作用,0.5%浓度下的抑制效果高于0.1%浓度下,且50℃条件下其抑制作用强于15和30℃条件下.     

可见光驱动微生物光电化学池处理剩余污泥同步产氢

氢气是一种理想的清洁能源.太阳能驱动的微生物光电化学池(Microbial photoelectrochemical cell, MPEC)因可同时实现废物处理与自发产氢而受到人们的关注.本文以剩余污泥为底物,构建了一种由无定型硫化钼改性硅纳米线(MoS_3/SiNWs)光阴极和生物阳极组成的MPEC系统,研究了3组MPEC在不同的酸性阴极液pH和外加电压条件下的产氢及污泥减量效果.研究结果表明,MPEC在阴极液pH为1和3的条件下均能在无外加电压下自发产氢;pH=1的MPEC-1实验中平均产氢速率为(0.66±0.02) mL·h~(-1),约是pH=3的MPEC-2实验平均产氢速率的1.5倍,但阴极过酸的条件限制了其实际应用; pH为3、外加0.2 V电压的MPEC-3与MPEC-2相比,产氢周期由15 h增加到40 h,平均产氢速率由(0.44±0.05) mL·h~(-1)提高到(0.52±0.04) mL·h~(-1),污泥TCOD、SCOD、TSS、VSS的降解率分别可达53.96%、70.18%、38.21%和61.76%.可见本文构建的MPEC系统是一种有前景的利用太阳能进行废物处理和资源化的新技术.     

不同类型秸秆对污泥厌氧消化特性及细菌群落结构的影响

为促进污水处理厂污泥及农作物秸秆的资源化利用,探讨不同类型秸秆（玉米、小麦、水稻）对污泥厌氧消化特性、产气效果及细菌群落结构的影响,在中温〔（35±1）℃〕下,研究了污泥与秸秆按不同质量比（1:0、1:0.5、1:1、1:1.5）联合厌氧消化对污泥C/N（碳氮比）和厌氧消化环境中pH、ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（VFAs）（VFAs为挥发性脂肪酸）、日均沼气产量及φ（CH₄）、细菌群落的特征变化,以未添加秸秆的污泥厌氧消化为CK（对照）.结果表明:不同类型秸秆的添加对厌氧消化体系的pH、ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（VFAs）均产生显著影响,秸秆的加入明显提高了厌氧消化体系的产气量.联合厌氧消化可通过优化厌氧消化底物的C/N,从而增加ρ（VFAs）和φ（CH₄）.其中,污泥与玉米秸秆质量比为1:1.5时对厌氧消化的促进作用最为显著;其沼气日产量为2 303.08 mL,比CK（536.15 mL）提高了3倍以上,而沼气中φ（CH₄）最高为54.49%,比CK（37.07%）提高46.99%.此外,不同类型秸秆的添加也可通过改变细菌群落结构从而促进秸秆降解,增加ρ（VFAs）和提高沼气产量,特别是添加秸秆后,Bacteroidetes会逐渐取代Proteobacteria成为主要的产酸菌种,从而导致ρ（VFAs）增加.研究显示,污泥与秸秆联合厌氧消化可改善污泥营养结构,改变细菌群落结构,提高沼气产量.      

石家庄某制药企业污水处理过程中NH3排放研究

为了解污水处理过程中各处理单元NH₃的排放特征,采集石家庄某制药企业各污水处理单元以及经过废气治理后排放的样品,计算各采样点NH₃浓度及排放量。结果表明:各污水处理单元中,水解酸化池NH₃浓度和单位体积污水NH₃排放量均为最高,分别为62.89和3 360 mg∕m ³。各污水处理单元NH₃总排放量为0.97 kg∕h,单位体积污水NH₃排放量为9 312 mg∕m ³;经废气治理后,排入环境的NH₃为0.25 kg∕h,单位体积污水NH₃排放量为2 400 mg∕m ³,去除率为74.2%,经治理后NH₃排放量明显降低。南区、北区废气治理采用碱洗+氧化+水洗工艺,NH₃去除率分别为93.3%和83.1%;生物区废气治理采用生物滴滤床工艺,NH₃去除率为39.1%,碱洗+氧化+水洗工艺对NH₃的去除效果好于生物滴滤床工艺。     

Insights into multisource sludge distributed in the Yangtze River basin, China: Characteristics, correlation, treatment and disposal

Sludge is the by-product of wastewater treatment process. Multisource sludge can be defined as sludge from different sources. Based on the sludge properties of five typical cities in the Yangtze River basin, including Jiujiang, Wuhu, Lu'an, Zhenjiang and Wuhan, this study investigated and summarized the characteristic variations and distribution differences of multiple indicators and substances from municipal sludge, dredged sludge, and river and lake sediments. The results demonstrated pH of multisource sludge was relatively stable in the neutral range. Organic matter and water content among municipal sludge were high and varied considerably between different wastewater treatment plants. Dredged sludge had an obviously higher sand content and wider particle distribution, which could be considered for graded utilization depending on its size. The nutrients composition of river and lake sediments was usually stable and special, with lower nitrogen and phosphorus content but higher potassium levels. The sources of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants in multisource sludge were correlated, generally much higher among municipal sludge than dredged sludge and river and lake sediments, which were the most important limitation for final land utilization. Despite various properties of multisource sludge, the final fate and destination have some overall similarities, which need to be supplemented and improved by standards and laws. The study provided a preliminary analysis of suitable technical routes for municipal sludge, dredged sludge, river and lake sediments based on their different characteristics respectively, which was of great significance for multisource sludge co-treatment and disposal in the future of China.     

密闭环境空调系统二次污染问题研究

密闭环境空调系统存在一系列特殊的室内空气品质问题.详细介绍了密闭空间空调系统二次污染的现状、对人员健康的影响、控制措施.提出2种解决空调系统二次污染问题的思路:终点控制和起点控制.终点控制措施和起点控制措各有其优点及缺点,适用范围也不一样.潜艇、深水工作船、宇宙飞船等密闭空间空调系统要根治二次污染问题,必须起点控制和终点控制相结合,在工程实践中逐步摸索出适用的方法.     

居民生活垃圾及生活污水产生量的影响因素通径分析

通过构建多元通径分析模型,定量分析中国各地区人口总数、生产总值、居民消费水平和生活供水用水量对生活垃圾清运量和生活污水排放量的直接影响和间接影响。结果表明各地区的生产总值对生活垃圾清运量的直接影响最大。生活用水供水量也对生活垃圾的清运量有一定的直接影响,居民消费水平和人口总数几乎没有直接影响。人口总数对垃圾清运量的间接影响最大,居民生活用水供水量、居民消费水平、地区生产总值对于垃圾清运量都具有不同程度的间接影响。生活用水供水量对生活污水排放量影响最大,地区生产总值和居民消费水平对生活污水排放量也有一定的直接影响,而人口总数几乎没有直接影响。人口总数对生活污水排放量的间接影响最大,其次是地区生产总值、居民消费水平和生活用水供水量对污水排放量也有间接影响。     

植物-土壤渗滤法对农村生活污水的处理工艺研究

采用植物-土壤渗滤法对农村生活污水进行处理研究,结果表明:体系对BOD5、CODCr、TN、NH4+-N、TP的平均去除率分别为74%、79%、85%、91%、89%,出水达到国家一级排放标准,该工艺在农村生活污水处理中具有广阔的应用前景.     

Enzyme extraction by ultrasound from sludge flocs

Enzymes play essential roles in the biological processes of sludge treatment. In this article, the ultrasound method to extract enzymes from sludge flocs was presented. Results showed that using ultrasound method at 20 kHz could extract more types of enzymes than that ultrasound at 40 kHz and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) methods. The optimum parameters of ultrasound extraction at 20 kHz were duration of 10 min and power of 480 W. Under the condition, ultrasound could break the cells and extract both the extracellular and intercellular enzymes. Ultrasound power was apparently more susceptive to enzyme extraction than duration, suggesting that the control of power during ultrasound extraction was more important than that of duration. The Pearson correlation analysis between enzyme activities and cation contents revealed that the different types of enzymes had distinct cation binding characteristics.