Mn/TiO2和Mn-Ce/TiO2低温脱硝催化剂的抗硫性研究

在低温选择性催化还原(SCR)反应条件下考察了烟气残余SO2对Mn/TiO2和Mn-Ce/TiO2催化剂选择性催化还原活性的影响,同时对SO2的影响机理进行了探讨.结果发现,Mn/TiO2催化剂在SO2反应气氛中失活很快,硫铵盐的沉积和活性组分的硫酸化是催化剂失活的重要原因;Ce的加入可以有效地抑制催化剂活性组分的硫酸化,同时还能降低硫酸盐在催化剂表面的稳定性,从而可以提高催化剂的抗硫性.     

同化和共代谢降解氯苯菌株的筛选与特性研究

基于污染场地,筛选了一株可降解氯苯（CB）的微生物,经鉴定该菌株属于粘质沙雷氏菌属（Serratia marcescans）,命名为Serratia marcescans TF-1.同化降解结果表明,该菌株能够在有氧的条件下以CB为唯一碳源和能源,菌体平均增长速率为0.0063~0.022g_cell/（mol_CB·h）,最大比生长速率（μ_max）为0.015~0.42h^-1,CB降解速率（V_CB）为1.35~4.47mol/（g_cell·h）,菌株对CB最高耐受浓度高于200mg/L.共代谢降解结果显示,TF-1可以琥珀酸钠和柠檬酸钠为底物共代谢降解CB;氯苯浓度（c_CB）<80mg/L时,μ_{max（柠檬酸钠）}（0.21~0.87h^-1）>μ_{max（琥珀酸钠）}（0.20~0.81h^-1）,V_{CB（柠檬酸钠）}（0.15~0.47mol/（g_cell·h））<V_{CB（琥珀酸钠）}（0.17~0.48mol/（g_cell·h））;c_CB>80mg/L时,μ_{max（柠檬酸钠）}（0.086~0.21h^-1）<μ_{max（琥珀酸钠）}（0.17~0.25h^-1）,V_{CB（柠檬酸钠）}（0.61~1.11mol/（g_cell·h））>V_{CB（琥珀酸钠）}（0.56~0.95mol/（g_cell·h））,表明共代谢降解过程中,CB浓度,底物种类是调控污染降解的重要因素.最后考察了温度、pH值和接种量对TF-1降解CB的影响,结果发现,该菌株适宜生长的温度范围为20~35℃,最适温度为30℃;适宜生长pH值为5~9,最适pH值为7;最适接种量为5%.与现有菌株比较发现TF-1的温度和pH值适用范围更广,降解能力更强,污染物耐受浓度更高,既能同化又能共代谢降解CB,在贫营养和富营养污染场地中应用潜力更大.本研究可为原位CB污染场地修复提供有效的生物资源.     

主观性在环境侵权案件证据和证明中的作用研究

法院在审理环境侵权案件时,往往依赖于专业鉴定、行政标准、专家意见等等客观依据来确定案件事实.但因为环境问题的复杂性,以及民事主体自身举证能力的限制,经常出现双方举证均不充分,法院无法基于现有事实和证据得出结论的情况.此时,法官应当发挥自身能动性,主动应用主观的、甚至是非科学性的因素和手段,包括容忍义务、经验法则、自由心证等等,这些因素无法被赋予客观的标准,它需要法官基于自身的理性以及经验,结合社会一般观念、习惯等因素进行判断.     

Environmental refuge from disease-driven amphibian extinction

Species that are tolerant of broad environmental gradients may be less vulnerable to epizootic outbreaks of disease. Chytridriomycosis, caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, has been linked to extirpations and extinctions of amphibian species in many regions. The pathogen thrives in cool, moist environments, and high amphibian mortality rates have commonly occurred during chytridiomycosis outbreaks in amphibian populations in high-elevation tropical rainforests. In Australia several high-elevation species, including the armored mist frog (Litoria lorica), which is designated as critically endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), were believed to have gone extinct during chytridiomycosis outbreaks in the 1980s and early 1990s. Species with greater elevational ranges disappeared from higher elevations, but remained common in the lowlands. In June 2008, we surveyed a stream in a high-elevation dry sclerophyll forest and discovered a previously unknown population of L. lorica and a population of the waterfall frog (Litoria nannotis). We conducted 6 additional surveys in June 2008, September 2008, March 2009, and August 2009. Prevalences of B. dendrobatidis infection (number infected per total sampled) were consistently high in frogs (mean 82.5%, minimum 69%) of both species and in tadpoles (100%) during both winter (starting July) and summer (starting February). However, no individuals of either species showed clinical signs of disease, and they remained abundant (3.25 - 8.75 individuals of L. lorica and 6.5-12.5 individuals of L. nannotis found/person/100 m over 13 months). The high-elevation dry sclerophyll site had little canopy cover, low annual precipitation, and a more defined dry season than a nearby rainforest site, where L. nannotis was more negatively affected by chytridiomycosis. We hypothesize this lack of canopy cover allowed the rocks on which frogs perched to warm up, thereby slowing growth and reproduction of the pathogen on the hosts. In addition, we suggest surveys for apparently extinct or rare species should not be limited to core environments.     

皮氏罗尔斯通氏菌株DX-T3-01的耐镉性能及镉富集机理

从江西德兴铜矿土壤中分离筛选到一株具有较强耐镉(Cd)能力的细菌DX-T3-01,经生理生态及16S rRNA分析进行鉴定,研究其对不同浓度Cd2+的耐受特性及对重金属Zn2+、Cu2+、Ni2+的耐受性,进一步利用扫描电镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDX)和红外光谱(FTIR)探讨菌株对Cd2+累积去除的机理.经鉴定,耐镉细菌DX-T3-01为皮氏罗尔斯通氏菌(Ralstonia pickettii);Cd2+最高耐受浓度(MTC)为16 mmol L-1,最低抑制浓度(MIC)为4 mmol L-1,并可耐受一定浓度的Zn2+、Cu2+;菌体积累Cd2+后细胞表面有沉淀物附着并有镉元素检出,对Cd2+的累积主要依靠细胞壁上—PO43-、胺基中的—C—N—、—M—O(O—M—O)、C=O和酰胺基(—CO—NH—)基团.图5参16     

Review: Biomechanics of Child Occupant Protection

This paper provides a review on the following issues: the differences in injury patterns between adults and children under similar loading conditions during an automotive crash event. Because of the recent awareness and the ensuing necessity, as an example, injuries including fatalities due to airbag deployment are discussed. Biomechanical differences explain the varying injury patterns and mechanisms of injury. The commonly adopted scaling techniques for predicting pediatric tolerances are described. A comparison of the biomechanical properties of the pediatric and adult structures is given. Some insight is provided with regard to the use of these data to develop validated mathematical models of pediatric structures. The paper concludes with recommendations for further research.     

Different survival of chromium-exposed Oxya chinensis among allozyme genotypes

The goal of the present study was to compare the different survival of Oxya chinensis exposed to chromium(Ⅵ) among allozyme genotypes to gain a better understanding of the relationship between the genetic variations and environmental disturbance. This study analyzed the occurrence of genotypes in O. chinensis population exposed to Cr(Ⅵ). O. chinensis samples were collected at Yuanping, Shanxi Province, China and used in acute toxicity tests. Specimens were assigned to Cr(Ⅵ) exposure (LD50: 291.0 mg/kg) for ...     

Seedling growth and metal accumulation of selected woody species in copper and lead/zinc mine tailings

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of selected woody plants for revegetation in copper (Cu) and lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) mine tailing areas. Five woody species (Amorpha fruticosa Linn, Vitex trifolia Linn: var. simplicifolia Cham, Glochidion puberum (Linn.) Hutch, Broussonetia papyrifera, and Styrax tonkinensis) and one herbaceous species (Sesbania cannabina Pers) were planted in Cu and Pb/Zn tailings to assess their growth, root morphology, nutrition uptake, metal accumulation, and translocation in plants. Amorpha fruticosa maintained normal growth, while the other species demonstrated stress related growth and root development. Sesbania cannabina showed the highest biomass among the plants, although it decreased by 30% in Cu tailings and 40% in Pb/Zn tailings. Calculated tolerance index (TI) values suggested that A. fruticosa, an N-fixing shrub, was the most tolerant species to both tailings (TI values 0.92–1.01), while S. cannabina had a moderate TI of 0.65–0.81 and B. papyrifera was the most sensitive species, especially to Pb/Zn tailings (TI values 0.15–0.19). Despite the high concentrations of heavy metals in the mine tailings and plants roots, only a small transfer of these elements to the aboveground parts of the woody plants was evident from the low translocation factor (TF) values. Among the woody plants, V. trifolia var. simplicifolia had the highest TF values for Zn (1.32), Cu (0.78), and Pb/Zn (0.78). The results suggested that A. fruticosa and S. cannabina, which have the highest tolerance and biomass production, respectively, demonstrated the potential for tailings revegetation in southern China.     

两种赤潮藻对SD和SMX的耐受性研究

探讨了海洋中常见药残磺胺嘧啶(SD)和磺胺甲恶唑(SMX)对球形棕囊藻和东海原甲藻生长的影响。结果表明:当这两种磺胺药物浓度大于20 mg/L时,球形棕囊藻和东海原甲藻的生长明显被抑制;SD和SMX对球形棕囊藻半数生长影响的浓度(EC50)分别为60～80 mg/L和20～40 mg/L;SD和SMX对东海原甲藻半数生长影响的浓度分别为20～40 mg/L和40～60 mg/L;两种藻培养96 h时扫描电镜观察,均显示高浓度下藻细胞膜严重破损,说明磺胺药物对其生长具有抑制作用。EC50对比表明球形棕囊藻对SD的耐受性强于SMX,而东海原甲藻对SMX的耐受性强于SD。两种藻对药残的耐受性明显强于其他藻种,在高浓度药残环境中占据生存优势。通过这项研究,试图探讨磺胺药物对河口及近海养殖区赤潮频发和赤潮消亡的影响。