美国页岩气压裂返排液处理技术进展及前景展望

页岩气作为一种非常规天然气资源,正在改变着国际能源市场格局.美国的页岩气储量大,工业开发起步早、时间长,在开发技术方面领先优势显著.由于页岩气储藏的特殊性,在开发过程中会产生大量高盐度、组成复杂的压裂返排液和产出水,处理难度大、污染严重.返排液和产出水的处理通常需经过三级处理流程,依次去除水中悬浮物、压裂液残余成份、浮油和钙镁等二价离子,最后完成脱盐达标排放或回用.目前,我国页岩气产业刚刚起步,学习借鉴美国已成熟并且市场化的技术和设备,对实现我国页岩气开发跨越式发展具有重要的指导意义和借鉴价值.     

砂页岩赤红壤磷肥活化效果及其机理研究

应用不同活化剂处理不同性质的磷肥，并对其在砂页岩赤红壤中的生物效应及作用机理进行了研究。结果表明，在砂页岩赤红壤上，施用供试的儿种经活化剂处理的磷肥均能显著提高蔬菜生物量。砂页岩赤红壤中的铁、锰质量分数与磷素的有效性有密切的关系，且在还原条件下，土壤铁、锰对磷的固定作用更大；硅、钙可促进土壤中磷的释放。供试活化剂不仅可促进难溶磷的释放，还可控制水溶性磷的释放，使土壤供磷性能平稳；有机活化剂的用量，用于难溶性磷促释时其质量分数为3％，用于水溶性磷控释时其质量分数约为14％。在土壤-植物体系中，活化剂对磷的促释和控释机理是它通过对土壤铁、锰、铝质量分数的调节而实现对磷的活化。     

Recent trends in chemical composition of bulk precipitation at Estonian monitoring stations 1994–2001

Monthly and annual means of main anions (SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, Cl⁻) and summed base cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺) in bulk precipitation were studied at 10 stations during an 8-year monitoring period. The data showed statistically significant decreasing trends in most cases. Average declines of mean annual volume-weighted concentrations for both anions and cations were about two-fold. Despite the decrease, the loads of S and cations are still relatively high in Estonia (about 4–14 kg S ha⁻¹ and 0.6–1.2 keq ha⁻¹, respectively) compared with the loads in Finland and Sweden. Estimated linear decline trends followed the same pattern as annually combusted oil shale from Estonian power plants and emissions of SO₂ and fly ash. Recent trends in chemical composition of bulk precipitation at the monitoring stations reflected economic changes in Estonia as well as transboundary fluxes from neighbouring countries.     

优质页岩陶粒滤料的制备与基本性能研究

以天然页岩为原料,分别采用破碎法和成球法制成滤料生料,经焙烧,膨胀,制备了陶粒滤料.对这2种方法制备的陶粒滤料的孔隙率、孔径和酸碱可溶率等指标进行了分析比较.结果表明,2种方法均可制备出性能优异的陶粒滤料.陶粒滤料的制备方法对其性能影响不大,而焙烧程序对陶粒滤料的性能有较大影响.实际生产时,可根据页岩特性、生产成本等确定陶粒滤料的制备方法.     

Study on the preparation of novel FR-245/MCM-41 suppressant and its inhibition mechanism on oil shale deflagration flame

Oil shale development is of great significance because oil and gas resources are scarce. Research on the prevention of oil shale dust explosion is particularly important for guaranteeing the safe development and utilization of oil shale resources. In this work, the flame morphology and velocity of oil shale dust with and without MCM-41 or FR-245 were compared. Furthermore, the novel green FR-245/MCM-41 inhibitor was prepared by jet mill method and used in oil shale dust explosion for the first time. The best ratio of FR-245/MCM-41 for flame inhibition was obtained, which was 9: 1. The pyrolysis oxidation behavior of oil shale before and after adding FR-245/MCM-41 was analyzed and compared by FWO and KAS methods, respectively. The results showed that the activation energy calculated by FWO and KAS methods greatly increased after adding FR-245/MCM-41, which increased by 95.36% and 115.15% than that before adding inhibitor, respectively. Significantly, the activation energy is particularly high for two methods when α between 0.2 and 0.6, due to that MCM-41 and FR-245 coexisted to limit the oxidation of oil shale. For α between 0.7 and 0.9, the activation energy is still high because of the existence of MCM-41. Combining the oil dust flame propagation behavior with the characterization results before and after explosion, the physical-chemical synergy mechanism of oil dust flame propagation inhibition was revealed.     

Impacts of Bakken Shale Oil Development on Regional Water Uses and Supply

The Bakken shale play in western North Dakota is one of the largest unconventional oilfields in the United States, but published research about impacts on the region's water resources is rare. In this study, besides examining North Dakota water management policies and activities, we also analyzed three datasets: the Bakken horizontal well completion data (2008‐2014), North Dakota permitted water consumption data (2000‐2014), and groundwater level and streamflow observations in western North Dakota (2000‐2014). We found from 2008 to 2014, the annual total industrial water uses for Bakken shale oil development ranged between 0.5 and 10% of statewide total consumptive water use. The percentage increases were between 3.0 and 40% within the Bakken oil production region. The increased population of temporary oilfield service workers contributed additional domestic water use, which was equivalent to ~15% of annual industrial water use for the shale oil development in the Bakken. Despite being in a semiarid region, the impact of Bakken development on regional water supply was limited because the water in the Bakken was adaptively managed and the region received on average over 20% more precipitation than normal during 2008‐2014. Of the 15 glaciofluvial aquifers under study, 12 have seen water levels increasing or unchanged and the water levels for the remaining 3 aquifers have decreased.     

页岩气开发过程中存在的环境问题及对策

我国正处于页岩气开发的试验期,页岩气开发会带来水资源紧缺、水和土壤污染及甲烷泄漏等环境污染问题,因此,分析页岩气开发带来的环境问题并制定应对措施十分必要。文章详细分析了页岩气开发过程中可能引起的一系列问题,并结合我国页岩气开发实际情况提出了解决对策,希望能为我国页岩气的开发提供一定的参考。     

抚顺盆地西露天组油页岩微生物碳代谢多样性分析

为探讨油页岩微生物的碳代谢功能多样性,以抚顺盆地西露天组油页岩为研究对象,利用Biolog-GN2和GP2微孔板检测法,在连续7d的培养期内,测定油页岩本源微生物群落水平生理图谱(CLPP),并根据化学基团的不同,分析微生物对不同类型碳源的代谢能力和代谢差异.结果显示,微生物对不同类型碳源的代谢程度和代谢速率存在明显的差异.革兰氏阴性和阳性细菌群落均对氨基类碳源的利用较好,其次是羧酸类以及糖和糖衍生物,而对磷酸糖利用较差.连续多点测算Shannon-Wiener,Simpson和McIntosh多样性指数,分析表明微生物群落碳代谢功能多样性总体较高,但是随着培养时间的增加,多样性略有降低.     

潜流湿地中填料的理化作用及对植物生长的影响

填料是潜流湿地的重要组成部分,它不但直接参与污染物的去除,而且对植物的生长和生理活动产生重要影响.本研究采用河北围场产沸石和秦皇岛产页岩,通过X射线荧光光谱和X射线衍射分析,确定了2种填料的元素组成和矿物组成,揭示了填料去除氮磷及缓冲H⁺的作用机理.研究表明:沸石和页岩都具有较发达的中孔结构,页岩对NH₄⁺-N的吸附能力小于沸石;页岩主要组成为CaCO₃,对PO₄^3--P的去除能力大于沸石,且对水中的H⁺有较好的缓冲作用.在处理酸性淀粉废水的小试系统中,页岩中的菖蒲和芦苇,其叶片相对绿度、茎根比、平均株高等指标均好于沸石中植物.种植在页岩中的菖蒲和芦苇,其根系活力分别为沸石中植物的3.7倍和1.6倍.页岩中菖蒲,地上部分吸收氮磷总量分别是沸石中的7.8倍和3.4倍;页岩中芦苇,地上部分吸收氮磷总量分别是沸石中的3.3倍和2.2倍.由于为植物提供了pH稳定的根系微环境,页岩比沸石更适合植物生长.     

油页岩中几种微量元素的赋存形态

选用桦甸油页岩和汪清油页岩,采用逐级化学提取方法研究了10种微量元素Ba、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Sr、v、Y、zn等在油页岩中的赋存状态;并采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定了页岩及其各提取状态中元素的含量.分析了油页岩中Pb、Cu、Ni、Zn等10种元素的环境化学活动性.研究结果表明:2个矿区页岩中除Ba、Pb、Sr和V这4种元素外,其余元素主要是以硫化物结合态及残渣态存在,这2个状态的质量分数之和为78.96%～97.97%,其中残渣态占据50%以上的比例;残渣态主要为硅酸盐结合态,其化学活性小,对环境的危害性较小,此形态以汪清页岩中的Cr为代表,其质量分数为80.87%;而以Sr为代表的元素在表生条件下很容易被带出油页岩,主要以残渣态以外的形态存在,桦甸页岩中其潜在可淋失率达到了77.67%,对环境的潜在危害性较大.