页岩气勘探开发过程中的环境影响

当前,我国正积极推进页岩气资源的勘探和开发工作,但其对环境的影响尚缺乏科学评价和规范管理。在系统分析页岩气勘探开发主要流程:井场选址与建设、水平井钻井、水力压裂和投产等的基础上,辨识了其造成生态破坏和环境污染的主要因素以及可借鉴的技术和经验。结合我国页岩气资源的分布和勘探开发现状,从法规政策、企业责任以及技术创新三个层面,提出我国页岩气开发过程中环境保护和管理应努力的方向。     

Questioning the local: environmental regulation,shale gas extraction,and the politics of scale

ABSTRACT

The exploration and potential extraction of shale gas – better known as fracking – has emerged as one of the most contentious dimensions to local environmental politics in the UK. Local residents and environmental activists have raised concerns about health, noise, ground water contamination, seismicity, environmental amenity, and other impacts of the industry on communities. Despite the complexities of shale gas extraction, an emphasis on the local has shaped key dimensions of the debate around the appropriate location for well pads to the relative exclusion of other issues. This paper draws on fieldwork in Lancashire, UK, to reflect on the political construction of scale in order to explore how an emphasis on “the local” can restrict political debate over shale gas to narrow concerns with land-use planning thereby obviating a fuller engagement with wider questions concerning risk, energy policy, and climate change. It is concluded that a more nuanced conception of scale is necessary for understanding how concerns with shale gas are diminished rather than strengthened through the current planning policy and regulatory regime operating in the UK.     

Framing Shale Gas for Policy-Making in Poland

Despite enthusiasm about new gas reserves, shale gas has not come to Poland without controversies. This study examines how shale gas has been framed as a public issue by political and business elites, experts, local communities and civil society organizations. Through a frame analysis, we found three main frames about shale gas: shale gas as a novel economic resource, as a strategic resource for energy security and as a threat. However, only the first two frames, proposed by political and business elites, have shaped the policy process. The third frame, constructed by local actors and civil society groups, has had minimal impact. We explain this exclusion drawing on the deficit model of risk communication. This approach reveals that Polish experts, and business and political actors, during their interactions with local groups, have framed proponents of the threat frame as ‘incompetent actors’ effectively excluding the threat frame from policy processes.     

我国页岩气开发环境问题及对策

天然气产业发展"十二五"规划提出加快页岩气产业发展,提高天然气在一次能源消费中的比重。我国页岩气的勘探开发还处在起步阶段,部分关键技术有待突破,资源管理机制有待完善,对页岩气开发环境问题的识别与解决与世界先进水平相比还存在很大差距。介绍了我国页岩气的资源状况,对比分析了中、美的页岩气成藏特性,总结了页岩气开发各环节可能存在的水资源浪费与污染、温室气体超量散逸等环境问题,进而从政府、地方、企业3个层面提出对策与建议,为我国页岩气安全开发提供借鉴。     

中国页岩气开发环境成本计量研究及政策建议

页岩气的开发过程中会产生潜在的环境污染问题且随着页岩气开发进程的推进,环境问题会逐渐凸显,因此对页岩气开发产生的环境问题进行量化描述显得尤为重要。针对页岩气开发带来的负面和正面环境影响,如水资源耗费、地下水污染、大气污染、生态环境破坏、地质灾害和替代煤炭节约的环境效益等,结合环境成本理论分别给出各方面环境成本的量化模型;综合各项环境成本因素,建立了页岩气开发环境成本量化模型,综合分析页岩气开发对环境的影响程度;建议完善页岩气企业环境成本信息披露体系,以环境报告书方式披露环境成本信息,增加透明度以消除公众疑虑,同时建立环境污染补偿机制,最大限度减少页岩气开发带来的环境成本。     

油气田压裂返排液处理技术探讨

水力压裂是中低渗油田、非常规页岩气田增产开采的重要措施,开采会产生大量的压裂返排液,处理难度大,可能导致比较严重的水污染问题.首先基于国内外油气田压裂返排液的典型水质指标,分析了油气田压裂返排液的水质特点,包括组成复杂、多数水质指标超过国内污水回用标准、油气田压裂返排液组成差异大且处理难点不同;从处理原理、优缺点、油气田应用条件及效果出发,探讨了可用于油气田压裂返排液处理的相关技术,并提出了中国油气田压裂返排液处理存在的问题与相应的建议.     

典型页岩气油基钻屑的组成分析及危害评价

分别从重庆某两个页岩气井场选取水平井油基钻屑(A)和直井油基钻屑(B)样品,详细分析其基本性质及组成。结果表明:油基钻屑由72.78%~81.34%的灰分、14.14%~26.21%的有机物和1.01%~4.52%的水分组成。灰分来源于钻井液中的无机添加剂和钻头破碎的岩石碎屑,主要成分为CaCO_3、BaSO_4、SiO_2和Fe_2O_3。有机物来源于调制钻井液的基础油和各类有机添加剂,主要成分为烷烃、多环芳烃、苯系物和烯烃。碱性盐、重金属和有机物是油基钻屑中的三类有害物质,且其危害依次增加,若不加以有效处置,将对当地生态环境和人类健康造成持久性破坏。     

Shale gas development and community response: perspectives from Treaty 8 territory,British Columbia

Northeast British Columbia (BC), Canada, is the site of a fast-growing shale gas industry that is a cornerstone of the current provincial government's economic policy. In this paper, we explore the perspectives of local First Nations (members of Treaty 8) regarding governance of this industry, focusing in particular on the experiences of the Fort Nelson First Nation (FNFN). Based on findings from 15 in-depth interviews with staff from four Treaty 8 First Nations, the Treaty 8 Tribal Association, oil and gas companies, and the Government of BC, we argue that current governance processes fail to adequately protect the environment and treaty rights. We also explore the diverse tactics that the FNFN is using to gain influence over shale gas development within its territories as the Nation seeks to achieve “balanced development” that protects the local ecology and treaty rights while maximising local economic benefits. Through an array of tactics and collaboration with diverse actors, the FNFN has been partially successful in challenging industry's social license to operate and has brought the provincial government back to the table to negotiate new decision-making arrangements on a “government to government” basis. Still, the regulation and management of a fast-paced global industry are a vast burden for a small community to bear. The FNFN's work has also shown the need for further research on how local efforts for equitable and environmentally sustainable approaches to shale gas regulation can be scaled up, institutionalised, and used to create political opportunities in other contexts.     

油页岩中几种微量元素的赋存形态

选用桦甸油页岩和汪清油页岩,采用逐级化学提取方法研究了10种微量元素Ba、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Sr、v、Y、zn等在油页岩中的赋存状态;并采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定了页岩及其各提取状态中元素的含量.分析了油页岩中Pb、Cu、Ni、Zn等10种元素的环境化学活动性.研究结果表明:2个矿区页岩中除Ba、Pb、Sr和V这4种元素外,其余元素主要是以硫化物结合态及残渣态存在,这2个状态的质量分数之和为78.96%～97.97%,其中残渣态占据50%以上的比例;残渣态主要为硅酸盐结合态,其化学活性小,对环境的危害性较小,此形态以汪清页岩中的Cr为代表,其质量分数为80.87%;而以Sr为代表的元素在表生条件下很容易被带出油页岩,主要以残渣态以外的形态存在,桦甸页岩中其潜在可淋失率达到了77.67%,对环境的潜在危害性较大.     

改性油页岩灰渣对水中镉离子的吸附性能

采用酸碱化改性方法对油页岩灰渣进行改性,确定最佳酸碱化方案,并研究了环境因素对改性油页岩灰渣吸附镉离子的影响。实验研究结果表明,油页岩灰渣经50%的HNO3和20%的NaOH处理时,对镉离子的吸附能力最强。在吸附温度为30℃,初始溶液pH为6～7条件下,0.6 g的改性油页岩灰渣对50 mg/L Cd2+溶液50 mL,吸附150 min时,其吸附率达到86%以上。在实验条件下,改性油页岩灰渣对Cd2+的吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程,相关系数分别为0.9626和0.9944,其对Cd2+的理论饱和吸附量达到7.91 mg/g。改性油页岩灰渣对Cd2+的吸附主要归因于离子交换和表面吸附作用。