CHANNEL INSTABILITY IN THE LOESS AREA OF THE MIDWESTERN UNITED STATES1

ABSTRACT: The bess area of the midwestern United States contains thousands of miles of unstable stream channels that are undergoing system‐wide channel‐adjustment processes as a result of (1) modifications to drainage basins dating back to the turn of the 20th century, including land clearing and poor soil‐conservation practices, which caused the filling of stream channels, and consequently (2) direct, human modifications to stream channels such as dredging and straightening to improve drainage conditions and reduce the frequency of out‐of‐bank flows. Today, many of these channels are still highly unstable and threaten bridges, other structures, and land adjacent to the channels. The most severe, widespread instabilities are in western Iowa where a thick cap of bess and the lack of sand‐and gravel‐sized bed sediments in many channels hinders downstream aggradation, bed‐level recovery and the consequent reduction of bank heights, and renewed bank stability. In contrast, streams draining west‐central Illinois, east‐central Iowa, and other areas, where the bess cap is relatively thin and there are ample supplies of sand‐and gravel‐sized material, are closer to recovery. Throughout the region, however, channel widening by mass‐wasting processes is the dominant adjustment process.     

Chronic renal failure among farm families in cascade irrigation systems in Sri Lanka associated with elevated dietary cadmium levels in rice and freshwater fish (Tilapia)

Chronic renal failure (CRF), in the main agricultural region under reservoir based cascade irrigation in Sri Lanka has reached crisis proportion. Over 5,000 patients in the region are under treatment for CRF. The objective of this study is to establish the etiology of the CRF. Concentrations of nine heavy metals were determined in sediments, soils of reservoir peripheries, water and Nelumbo nucifera (lotus) grown in five major reservoirs that supply irrigation water. All five reservoirs carried higher levels of dissolved cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe) and lead (Pb). Dissolved Cd in reservoir water ranged from 0.03 to 0.06 mg/l. Sediment Cd concentration was 1.78-2.45 mg/kg. No arsenic (As) was detected. Cd content in lotus rhizomes was 253.82 mg/kg. The Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) of Cd based on extreme exposure of rice is 8.702-15.927 mug/kg body weight (BW) for different age groups, 5-50 years. The PTWI of Cd due to extreme exposure of fish is 6.773-12.469 mug/kg BW. The PTWI on a rice staple with fish is 15.475-28.396 mug/kg BW. The mean urinary cadmium (UCd) concentration in CRF patients of age group 40-60 years was 7.58 mug Cd/g creatinine and in asymptomatic persons UCd was 11.62 mug Cd/g creatinine, indicating a chronic exposure to Cd. The possible source of Cd in reservoir sediments and water is Cd-contaminated agrochemicals. The CRF prevalent in north central Sri Lanka is a result of chronic dietary intake of Cd, supported by high natural levels of fluoride in drinking water, coupled with neglecting of routine de-silting of reservoirs for the past 20 years.     

Municipal sludge as landfill barrier material

The aim of this research is to find substitute barrier materials for natural clay from two kinds of municipal sludge: waterworks sludge( Sw ) and dredging sludge( Sd ). Laboratory tests were performed firstly to determine their Atterberg limits and hydraulic conductivity.Based on the results, the use of waterworks sludge was recommended. Then, shear strength tests were performed and it was found the shear resistance property of waterworks sludge is strong enough to maintain slope stability. In order to evaluate the possibility of secondary pollution, the heavy metal contents of waterworks sludge was determined and the results indicated that secondary pollution is unlikely happened. Finally, economic analysis proves that reusing waterworks sludge as barrier will reduce the lost a great for both landfill and waterworks. Based on the results, waterworks sludge was proposed to use and a further long-term simulated landfill test was suggested.     

弹上设备湿热试验典型失效机理分析及建议

目的 分析影响弹上设备湿热试验典型外观不合格的原因及失效机理,给出弹上设备适应湿热大气的相关建议.方法 给出某型号湿热鉴定试验过程中,弹上设备出现的三种典型外观不合格现象——漆层起泡、螺钉锈蚀和电连接器锈蚀.通过建立与漆层起泡、螺钉锈蚀和电连接器锈蚀不合格现象相对应的故障树,分析3种典型外观不合格的失效原因,并得到相应的失效机理.结果 总结了弹上设备湿热试验后外观发生不合格的原因,并从设计、选材、介质隔离角度给出了弹上设备适应湿热大气的相关建议.结论 为提高弹上设备耐湿热环境的能力,进而提高装备的贮存可靠性,使其能够从贮存状态直接转入能使用状态,从而提高其贮存可靠性、战备完好性和系统效能提供了指导.     

基于应力分解法的整机加速因子预计方法研究

提出了计算整机加速因子的新方法.将整机的失效率通过定量分析方法按照部件、失效模式和应力的顺序逐级下分,从而得到各敏感应力的失效率,再通过加速模型计算各失效模式在加速应力下的失效率.最终可以得到整机在加速应力下的失效率,进而计算出整机加速因子.以典型电子产品为例,预计了弹上计算机在温度、湿度、振动综合环境应力下的加速因子为153.5.     

长期冻融循环下固化铅锌镉复合重金属污染土抗剪强度及浸出特征研究

为了评估长期冻融循环后(最长90d (次))固化复合重金属污染土的的抗剪强度及浸出特征,采用水泥、生石灰和粉煤灰按比例混合的复合固化剂固化/稳定化铅锌镉复合重金属污染土进行三轴压缩试验及毒性特征浸出程序试验.结果表明,固化污染土体的内摩擦角仅在冻融循环3次内有明显增加,增加率高达96.3%;粘聚力在冻融循环30次内总体趋势不断下降,之后无显著变化,最终下降率达到54.23%;Pb²⁺、Zn²⁺、Cd²⁺浸出浓度与冻融循环次数呈正比;EC值与冻融循环次数在总体上正相关;长期冻融循环作用后浸出液的pH值降低.并通过扫描电子显微镜,进一步探究长期冻融循环下固化污染土抗剪强度及浸出特征的劣化机理,结果显示在冻融循环后期固化土体内生成了大量的延迟钙矾石,这些延迟钙矾石在形成过程中的膨胀作用是引起抗剪强度损失、重金属浸出浓度升高的主要原因.     

双ZBS2型酒杯塔输电线路雷电绕击特性研究

通过建立缩小比例为25:1的双ZBS2型酒杯塔输电线路模型,对其进行长间隙放电,研究了塔头、避雷线保护角、地面倾斜度等因素对雷击绕击率的影响。结果表明:杆塔对雷电先导具有吸引作用,雷击杆塔附近时,线路绕击率较低,从杆塔到档距中央,绕击率呈现一种先增大后减小的趋势;随着避雷线保护角由正到负变化,绕击概率随之降低;线路绕击概率随地面倾斜角增大,而呈现先增大后减小的趋势。本研究结果可指导企业输配电线路的雷电防护工作,为线路绕击防护装置的研发提供数据支持。     

湿热环境下配电自动化终端的腐蚀失效分析

目的解决配电自动化终端在湿热环境下的腐蚀失效问题,保障配网自动化系统的安全运行,延长配电自动化终端的使用寿命。方法分别选用三台架空终端FTU作为研究对象,研究配电自动化终端在湿热环境下的腐蚀失效特点,并提出针对性防护措施。采用SEM和EDS表征方法展开配电自动化终端的腐蚀失效分析。结果由EDS数据结果发现,相比较于轻微腐蚀区域,腐蚀区域的氧含量均大幅增加,且出现硫元素和氯元素,表明腐蚀环境主要是含硫和氯的潮湿环境。航空插头表面覆盖镍和铜两层镀层,腐蚀后的试样表面不仅检测到铜,有的甚至检测到基材铁,说明腐蚀后镀层已逐步失效,部分基材裸露,且已开始腐蚀。结合SEM发现,样品表面有大量颗粒粗大的腐蚀产物,且明显看出镀层已被破坏。结论材料腐蚀失效主要是由于高温度、湿度、含氯及硫等大气环境加速终端设备腐蚀,以及镀层被破坏或漏镀等问题造成基材裸露,腐蚀进一步深入发展。因此,根据湿热环境下配电自动化终端的腐蚀特点,提出针对性的防护措施。保障配网自动化系统的安全运行的同时,延长配电自动化终端的使用寿命,为今后的实证测试提供可靠依据。     

雾霾天气下电网设备故障高精度远程视频监控系统设计研究

作为电力系统未来发展的方向,对电网设备故障监控系统进行设计具有重要意义.有利于实现电网进行安全可靠运行.提出基于ZigBee网络的电网设备故障高精度远程视频监控系统设计.利用ZigBee网络构建无线的传感网,节点是采用的CC2530,节点间采用簇状的结构与监控功能部分、视频监控信号传输以及监控的客户端相结合构成远程视频的监控系统,采用小波变换对设备故障的特征进行分析,克服了因雾霾天气产生的电网设备故障,对电网设备故障进行及时的抢修,完成对电网设备故障高精度远程视频监控系统的设计.实验结果表明,利用该系统能有效地提高电网运行的稳定性与安全性.     

天然气管路导气球阀失效分析

目的分析西部某气田天然气管路球阀发生开裂泄漏事故的原因。方法对球阀的化学成分、断口、金相组织等进行检测分析。结果球阀裂纹起源于阀体内表面,裂纹沿晶界扩展,晶界未发现贫铬现象,不存在晶间腐蚀;阀体材料存在沿晶铸造缺陷和枝晶露头,水淬激冷过程中形成沿晶微裂纹,承压状态下裂纹沿晶扩展;球阀螺纹根部最薄且应力集中,裂纹由内向外扩展,最终沿螺纹根部环向断裂,断口形貌为沿晶断裂。结论导气球阀失效原因是螺纹根部存在应力集中和铸造阀体存在缺陷。在两者共同作用下,导致阀体承压状态下沿晶脆性断裂。