Nexus security: governance, innovation and the resilient city

Nexus security is a compound mix of ideas: reconciling human needs and wants with access to multiple resources; diversity of access to those resources and services; resilience in the face of weather- and climaterelated variability; resilience likewise in the face of infrastructure failure; and the personal, individual sense of belonging. At the level of Systems Thinking there is a very close relationship between resilience in the behavior of natural (ecological) systems and resilience in the social dynamics of governance within communities, where such resilience establishes the viability of these communities over centuries, which in turn entails successful stewardship of the man-environment relationship. We use insights from this cross-system mapping — across natural, built, and human systems — to assess, first, the role of city governance in achieving nexus security (or not) and, second, the role of technological innovations in serving the same purpose. More specifically, eight principles, covering resilience and diversity of access to resources and services, are used to gauge security-enhancing features of city buildings and infrastructure. Case studies include new designs of resilient office blocks, nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) recovery systems for sanitation and wastewater treatment, and the reconstruction of urban parks for the provision of ecosystem services. Throughout the paper, matters of risk in the face of meteorological variability are prominent. We do not conclude, however, that the presence of risk implies nexus insecurity.     

On water security, sustainability, and the water-food-energy-climate nexus

The role of water security in sustainable development and in the nexus of water, food, energy and climate interactions is examined from the starting point of the definition of water security offered by Grey and Sadoff. Much about the notion of security has to do with the presumption of scarcity in the resources required to meet human needs. The treatment of scarcity in mainstream economics is in turn examined, therefore, in relation to how each of us as individuals reconciles means with ends, a procedure at the core of the idea of sustainable development. According to the Grey-Sadoff definition, attaining water security amounts to achieving basic, single-sector water development as a precursor of more general, self-sustaining, multi-sectoral development. This is consistent with the way in which water is treated as “first among equals”, i.e. privileged, in thinking about what is key in achieving security around the nexus of water, food, energy and climate. Cities, of course, are locations where demands for these multiple resource-energy flows are increasingly being generated. The paper discusses two important facets of security, i.e., diversity of access to resources and services (such as sanitation) and resilience in the behavior of coupled human-built-natural systems. Eight quasi-operational principles, by which to gauge nexus security with respect to city buildings and infrastructure, are developed.     

COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者无创通气的护理体会

探讨COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭神志清楚患者无创通气的护理体会.方法:南华大学附属第一医院呼吸内科2009年1月-2012年2月收治的98例COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭应用无创正压通气治疗的清醒患者,随机分为护理干预组(观察组)与对照组各49例,其中观察组给予系统的护理干预;对照组仅采取一般护理措施.比较两组患者治疗后呼吸参数.结果:护理干预组的pH、PaO2、SaO2等参数明显高于对照组,而PaCO2明显低于对照组.表1,参5.     

火灾自动报警系统可靠性研究

火灾自动报警系统主要包括火灾探测器、火灾报警控制器、减灾装置和灭火装置4部分,从这4部分分析了其工作原理。在此基础上,着重分析了误报、漏报概率较高的火灾探测系统(包括火灾探测器和火灾报警控制器)在使用过程中可能出现的失效状态。其失效的根本原因是在探测器的设计、选型与安装中出现的问题以及各类控制器和控制软件出现的问题。火灾自动报警系统在设计、安装和使用过程中出现的一些问题可能导致整个系统失效,主要包括硬件故障、系统失误和管理缺陷3类。因此,从火灾自动报警系统设计、软硬件产品质量、选型与安装及维护保养等方面给出了提高火灾自动报警系统可靠性的措施。最后应用系统安全及可靠性理论建立了包括电源系统、触发装置、报警控制装置和警报装置4个指标的火灾自动报警系统可靠度计算模型。     

基于安全屏障模型的海上钻完井作业风险分析

海上钻完井作业面临海洋环境恶劣、浅层地质灾害等复杂工况,极易发生油气泄漏、井喷等事故。为有效预防海上钻完井作业事故,提出基于瑞士奶酪模型的安全屏障模型。采用事故树和故障模式及影响分析相结合的方法,分析作业过程风险。该模型根据挪威标准D-010,建立完井作业关井阶段的物理安全屏障和安全屏障控制原理图,在此基础上构建油气泄漏事故树和失效模式与影响分析表,找出关井阶段可能的油气泄漏途径。通过对重要度计算和风险优先度值排序确定作业过程中最薄弱的安全屏障和关键故障模式。结果表明,作业过程中最薄弱的安全屏障是采油树、油管和地面控制井下安全阀(SCSSV),采油树腐蚀、密封失效、油管接头密封失效和SCSSV开关故障是影响作业过程的关键故障模式。     

基于距离判别分析理论的露天矿边坡潜在破坏模式识别方法

露天矿边坡潜在破坏模式的识别仍然值得深入研究。基于距离判别分析理论,结合露天矿边坡失稳的特点,选取岩石单轴抗压强度、结构面倾角、结构面与边坡面的位置关系、地下水条件、岩体结构类型、黏聚力、内摩擦角、边坡高度、边坡角等9个因素作为判别露天矿边坡潜在破坏模式的指标,建立露天矿边坡潜在破坏模式识别的距离判别分析模型。以21个典型露天矿边坡的信息作为学习样本进行训练,建立相应的判别函数进行识别,并以回代估计法对该模型进行检验。研究结果表明,经过学习后的模型误判率为0.05,即判别能力是高的。用所建立的模型判别某露天矿边坡的失稳模式,判别结果和期望结果比较符合。     

尾矿库溃坝风险定量评价方法探讨

针对目前尾矿库安全评价中无定量评价尾矿库溃坝风险的现状,坝体稳定性计算中未考虑到坝体实际为非均质体的特点,本文提出将容重、内摩擦角和凝聚力三者视为随机变量,采用蒙特卡洛模型计算尾矿坝溃坝失效概率;综合运用水文学、水动力学、非牛顿流体的运动理论,建立尾矿库溃坝后尾矿下泄模型,以计算溃坝淹没范围;综合考虑尾矿库溃坝后生命损失、财政损失和环境损失,计算尾矿库溃坝风险损失度;最终确定尾矿库溃坝风险度,以期提高尾矿库安全评价技术、确保尾矿库安全健康运行.     

电站锅炉管件失效泄漏原因分析

火力发电厂管件失效泄漏是频发事故,严重影响机组的安全、经济运行。以某发电厂后墙省煤器和低温再热器管子失效泄漏事故为例,通过对失效泄漏的管件进行宏观形貌分析、金相分析和强度分析,论证了泄漏事故的原因是由于腐蚀和钢管固有缺陷导致低温再热器高温段弯管外侧发生泄漏,泄漏的高速流体冲刷、气蚀导致后隔墙省煤器发生泄漏,进而对低温再热器反冲刷,加剧泄漏事故的恶化。最后提出更换失效管件,加强金属监督,尽量扩大防磨防爆检查范围,对易被气流磨损、冲刷部位进行防磨喷涂或加装防磨罩。     

滑坡破坏概率分析及其在浙江张村滑坡中的应用

综述了滑坡破坏概率的基本原理和实施方法,由于影响滑坡稳定性的因素的复杂性和随机性,将概率统计的理论运用在剩余推力法上,推导了滑坡破坏概率的模型,用Monte-Carlo法来模拟随机变量的分布。以浙江张村滑坡为例,该滑坡正处于蠕滑阶段。敏感性分析表明地下水位的变化对滑坡破坏概率影响很大。因此模拟和监测滑坡位移和地下水位的变化必须立即进行,相应的防治措施必须考虑。     

GO-FLOW方法在共因故障中的应用

共因故障是影响高冗余系统可用度的重要因素。针对如何评估它对系统可用度的影响,简要介绍了GO-FLOW方法,给出利用GO-FLOW计算受共因故障影响的系统不可用度的方法和步骤,并引用实例加以说明。