Reach‐Scale Comparison of Habitat and Mollusk Assemblages for Select Sites in the Clinch River with Regional Context

Several hypotheses, including habitat degradation and variation in fluvial geomorphology, have been posed to explain extreme spatial and temporal variation in Clinch River mollusk assemblages. We examined associations between mollusk assemblage metrics (richness, abundance, recruitment) and physical habitat (geomorphology, streambed composition, fish habitat, and riparian condition) at 10 sites selected to represent the range of current assemblage condition in the Clinch River. We compared similar geomorphological units among reaches, employing semi‐quantitative and quantitative protocols to characterize mollusk assemblages and a mix of visual assessments and empirical measurements to characterize physical habitat. We found little to no evidence that current assemblage condition was associated with 54 analyzed habitat metrics. When compared to other sites in the Upper Tennessee River Basin (UTRB) that once supported or currently support mollusk assemblages, Clinch River sites were more similar to each other, representing a narrower range of conditions than observed across the larger geographic extent of the UTRB. A post‐hoc analysis suggested stream size and average boundary shear stress at bankfull stage may have historically limited species richness in the UTRB (p < 0.001). Associations between mollusk assemblages and physical habitat in the UTRB and Clinch River currently appear obscured by other factors limiting richness, abundance, and recruitment.     

渤海某油田注水井筛管失效测试及原因分析

目的 对注水井防砂筛管失效进行原因分析,解决注水井防砂问题。方法 针对渤海某油田注水井的防砂筛管失效问题,打捞失效筛管,并对破损区取样,通过损伤部位宏观和微观形貌、关键区域EDS能谱成分测量及室内模拟测试与计算分析等手段,综合分析各部位的损伤特征及规律。结果 宏观和微观形貌分析结果表明,损伤区域呈现明显的冲蚀损坏特征,测试与计算结果得出损伤速率为1.299 mm/a,寿命预测约为0.35 a(4.2个月),与现场实际比较吻合。结论 地层砂在筛管外堆积,造成筛管堵塞,形成高压差,高速注入水冲击筛管外的堆积砂,形成含砂流体在筛管外表面附近区域的紊流,对筛管局部反向冲击形成含砂流体冲刷腐蚀,从而造成局部冲蚀破坏穿孔。为有效解决冲蚀损伤问题,建议后续采取砾石充填防砂方式。     

基于发射环境炮–弹–引耦合仿真的中大口径加榴炮机械触发引信失效分析

目的 研究高动态发射环境中大口径加榴炮机械触发引信及其内部典型机构的响应特性和底层失效原因。方法 建立炮–弹–引耦合数值模型,开展0号装药、1号装药、0.4''装填角和身管中等程度磨损等4种工况下的动力学仿真,对比不同工况下引信典型部位的响应特性。结果 装药量和火炮身管磨损量是引信典型部位载荷响应的主要影响因素,身管磨损量是弹丸出炮口姿态角的主要影响因素。身管中期磨损条件下,引信夹板部位膛内径向过载响应峰值达2 498.4g,为初始状态的6.1倍;回转体轴响应峰值达4 296.1g,为初始状态的1.5倍;弹丸出炮口俯仰角达0.4°,为初始状态的4.4倍。试验验证结果表明,典型特征参量的仿真模拟误差不大于5%。结论 弹丸发射过程中,远离弹轴的引信安全系统轴类零件会承受更大的轴向载荷冲击和径向多维度载荷冲击,更容易导致与夹板配合的轴孔结合处发生失效。火炮身管磨损会导致榴弹配用引信在内弹道和出炮口承受更高的径向过载,以更大的姿态角进入外弹道飞行,是中大口径加榴炮机械触发引信外弹道飞行章动角增大的主要因素之一。     

两类污染型下中低空风切变对PM2.5浓度影响

基于2015~2020年京津冀地区生态环境监测数据和多源气象数据,分析了北京地区0~3km中低空垂直风切变在不同PM_2.5等级下的演变特征。结果表明,风速日变化特征随着PM_2.5浓度升高而逐渐减弱,PM_2.56级污染时近地面风速日变化基本消失,甚至反向变化;白天边界层风速增大时段对应10m/(s·km)以下的风切变,20:00后增大至12~14m/(s·km),该现象随着PM_2.5污染加重变得更为显著,白天时段近地层垂直风切变较小值(<6m/(s·km))维持,可能是污染严重的信号之一;基于旋转经验正交函数分解法(REOF),将污染日下中低空垂直风切变分为无扰动型和压缩型,压缩型低压强度略强于无扰动型,无扰动型的PM_2.5浓度均值、峰值较压缩型更高,逆温强于压缩型,另外,无扰动型PM_2.5浓度增长期和边界层高度(PBLH)反向变化,压缩型PM_2.5浓度增长期和PBLH同向变化。     

一种考虑环境因素的自动步枪可靠性分析方法

目的 分析环境因素对于自动步枪系统可靠性的影响。方法 首先介绍贝叶斯网络理论,然后将自动步枪系统可靠性建模划分为刚性抛壳机构和弹匣供弹机构两大模块。在此基础上,从设计制造、使用因素和环境因素3个方面进行故障树建模。将故障树转化为贝叶斯模型后,基于给出的底事件失效概率和引入的环境影响因子,计算考虑环境因素带来的共因失效效应时自动步枪系统的可靠度。结果 从系统层面来看,环境因素的影响会使系统的可靠度下降8.1%。结论 在进行自动步枪的系统可靠性分析时,考虑由环境因素带来的共因失效效应更为符合实际情况,不考虑共因失效效应时,往往会高估子系统的可靠度。     

剪切速率及法向应力对煤散体抗剪强度影响研究

在煤层巷道垮落后需安全快速地开挖出1条应急救援巷道，为了了解开挖速率和法向压力对救援巷道稳定性的影响，通过将垮落的破碎煤视为均质散粒体的方式，采用相似模拟实验的手段，分析了剪切速率和法向压力对煤散体抗剪强度的影响。研究结果表明:煤散体的抗剪强度与其对应的法向应力存在线性关系，该关系近似符合莫尔库仑强度准则，但剪切强度增长率随法向压力增大而先增大后减小；在相同法向应力作用下，剪切速率对黏聚力的影响明显大于对内摩擦角的影响。     

灞河河道疏浚底泥固化力学特性试验研究

为将灞河右岸岸坡综合治理工程中清除的河道疏浚底泥用作滨河沙坑回填处理材料,选用水泥、高分子吸水树脂(SAP)和三乙醇胺(TEA)对河道疏浚底泥进行固化改性处理,并对不同养护龄期的固化底泥进行了室内直剪试验和固结试验,探讨了固化底泥的强度与变形特征.结果 表明:固化底泥的峰值抗剪强度随着水泥掺量的增加而增大,水泥与0.5...     

Effects of shear force on formation and properties of anoxic granular sludge in SBR

This paper reports the effects of shear force on anoxic granular sludge in sequencing batch reactors （SBR）. The study was carried out in two SBRs （SBR1 and SBR2） in which sodium acetate （200mg COD·L^-1） was used as the sole substrate and sodium nitrate （40 mgNO3-N·L^-1） was employed as the electron acceptor. The preliminary objective of this study was to cultivate anoxic granules in the SBR in order to investigate the effects of shear force on the formation of anoxic granular sludge and to compare the properties of anoxic sludge in the SBR. This study reports new results for the values of average velocity gradient, a measure of the applied shear force, which was varied in the two SBRs （3.79 s^-1 and 9.76 s^-1 for SBR1 and SBR2 respectively）. The important findings of this research highlight the dual effects of shear force on anoxic granules. A low shear force can produce large anoxic granules with high activity and poor settling ability, whereas higher shear forces produce smaller granules with better settling ability and lower activity. The results of this study show that the anoxic granulation is closely related to the strength of the shear force. For high shear force, this research demonstrated that： 1） granules with smaller diameters, high density and good settling ability were formed in the reactor, and 2） granular sludge formed faster than it did in the low shear force reactor （41days versus 76 days）. Once a steady-state has been achieved, the nitrate and COD removal rates were found to be 98% and 80%, respectively. For low shear force, such as was applied in SBR1, this research demonstrated that： 1） the activity of anoxic granular sludge in low shear force was higher than that in high shear force, 2） higher amount of soluble microbial products （SMPs） were produced, and 3） large pores were observed inside the larger granules,which are beneficial for nitrogen gas diffusion. Electron microscopic examination of the anoxic granules in both reactors showed that the morphology of the granules was ellipsoidal with a clear outline. Coccus and rod-shaped bacteria were wrapped by filamentous bacteria on the surface of granule.     

Reducing the complexity of the flood vulnerability index

After the flooding in 2002 European governments provided billions of Euros of financial assistance to their citizens. Although there is no doubt that solidarity and some sort of assistance are reasonable, the question arises why these damages were not sufficiently insured. One explanation why individuals reject to obtain insurance cover against natural hazards is that they anticipate governmental and private aid. This problem became to be known as “charity hazard”. The present paper gives an economic analysis of the institutional arrangements on the market for natural disaster insurances focusing on imperfections caused by governmental financial relief. It provides a theoretical explanation why charity hazard is a problem on the market for natural disaster insurances, in the way that it acts as an obstacle for the proper diffusion and therefore the establishment of natural hazard insurances. This paper provides a review of the scientific discussion on charity hazard, provides a theoretical analysis and points out the existing empirical problems regarding this issue.     

Mining disturbance effect and mining arrangements analysis of near-fault mining in high tectonic stress region

Dynamic disasters can be easily induced by mining disturbance in the tectonic stress concentration region near the fault. Based on the fault Coulomb failure stress criterion, a dynamic Coulomb failure stress increment model is established for quantitative assessment of mining disturbance effect. Furthermore, the disturbance effects of two possible working face arrangements near the same fault are compared by using the proposed dynamic Coulomb failure stress model and numerical method. The results show that Coulomb failure stress increment, as a comprehensive mechanical parameter, can well reflect the mining disturbance to the stress environment of fault. The disturbance effect on the fault in the case of the working face perpendicular to fault is much less than that of the working face parallel to fault, therefore the dynamic disaster risk induced by the former arrangement is much lower.