混凝剂对胶体电动电位的影响研究

混凝剂是通过压缩双电层、吸附电中和、卷扫絮凝、吸附架桥4种方式起到对水中胶体的凝聚作用的,最终达到水处理的效果.通过测量水样中加入混凝剂前后胶体的电动电位(zeta电位),发现混凝剂的投加会使得溶液中胶体的电动电位发生变化,这种变化和混凝机理中混凝剂通过压缩双电层达到胶体凝聚效果的说法是一致的.     

基于最优粒度的城市热环境与景观特征耦合分析

综合Landsat和国产高分2号遥感影像反演地表温度、划分地表覆被类型,通过划分100m×100m～1000m×1000m等多个网格单元,分析北京市五环内热环境影响因素的粒度效应;并基于最优粒度分析城市景观组分和构型特征与热环境特征的相互关系.结果表明:随粒度增加,网格单元内平均地表温度和不透水地表(IS)、植被水体(...     

新型人工浮岛流场数值模拟与结构优化分析

近期提出的新型人工浮岛是通过两种不同透水能力基质材料的填充在系统内部形成2个不同水流与溶解氧浓度区域,两区域的过流能力及两者之间水流交换量对系统脱氮除磷效果具有较大的影响。为实现这一新型人工浮岛基质结构设计参数的优化,进一步提高净化能力,应用数值模拟方法对不同结构条件下流场进行了模拟。模拟结果发现,影响两区域水流交换量及其过流能力的主要因素包括：基质材料的填充形状、填充深度及透水能力,其中“钟乳状”形态较“层状”填充形态人工浮岛具有更好的两区域间水流交换能力及过流能力,理论上具有更好的净化效果。根据模拟结果确定的设计参数构建小试试验系统进行对比试验研究,试验结果与数值模拟结论吻合。可见,采用数值模拟方法对人工浮岛内部水流状态进行模拟分析,能够为人工浮岛结构优化设计提供依据。     

地震动差动作用下大跨度空间网壳结构的反应分析

选取100 m跨度的双层柱面网壳结构为研究对象,采用时程分析法,分别进行了结构在单向和三向地震行波输入作用下的反应分析,并针对多种视波速情况进行了研究,考查了地震动不同输入情况下结构杆件内力的分布特点,对其进行了对比分析,为大跨网壳结构的抗震设计提供了理论依据。研究表明,考虑行波效应会使结构部分构件内力有一定程度的提高,多维地震作用比单维地震作用下结构的杆件内力大。由此得出结论:对于大跨度空间网壳结构,应该进行多维非一致输入下的地震反应分析;为保证抗震安全,应对可能出现的地面视波速进行全面分析。     

Characteristic Air Temperature Distributions Observed in Summer and Winter in Urban Area in Japan

The air temperature distributions in August (summer) and December (winter) were measured in an approximately 15 × 15-km urban area in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, in order to study the spatial distribution of the air temperature and to propose effective measures against the heat island phenomenon. The air temperature was measured mainly by using thermometer shelters installed in an elementary school and a junior high school. The characteristic air temperature distribution depended on the season. The air temperature was higher inland than in the coastal region in August but was higher in the coastal region in December. The air temperature index indicated that the area where higher air temperatures would most likely appear was 5 to 10 km inland from the coast in August and around the coast in December. The seasonal air temperature distribution was presumably due to the strength of solar radiation and anthropogenic exhaust heat.     

中国资源驱动型岛屿旅游经济发展分析

从我国沿海岛屿旅游十几年的发展历程来看,各沿海岛屿由于所处的地理位置、历史条件、气候条件及资源与文化丰度差异,决定了其旅游发展水平与发展方式存在明显不同。从旅游发展主要驱动力角度,探讨了那些依托其独特旅游资源开发带动经济发展的岛屿经济发展模式。     

城市化与北京增温的协整分析

城市增温现象和城市热岛效应对人居环境的影响日益显著，而城市化是否是城市增温现象的一个主要影响因素，为此。利用协整分析等经济计量方法研究城市化对城市增温现象的影响。协整分析是近年来计量经济学发展的最新成果，能够揭示变量之间存在着的长期均衡变动关系。分析发现，城市化因子与城市气候因子之间存在着协整关系。长期看北京市的年平均最低温度与人口密度基本上处于同步增长状态；短期内城市气温的变动受人口和城市化因素的影响较大。为此可知，北京市70年代以来，城市气温的升高基本上与城市化的发展相一致。二者具有长期协同变动的均衡关系。这些发现对我们制定减缓城市热岛效应的城市规划以及合理人口规模的城市发展战略都有很大的帮助。     

Effects of a tropical cyclone on the drinking-water quality of a remote Pacific island

The effect of a cyclone (Ami, January 2003) on drinking-water quality on the island of Vanua Levu, Fiji was investigated. Following the cyclone nearly three-quarters of the samples analysed did not conform to World Health Organisation (WHO) guideline values for safe drinking-water in terms of chlorine residual, total and faecal coliforms, and turbidity. Turbidity and total coliform levels significantly increased (up 56 and 62 per cent, respectively) from pre-cyclone levels, which was likely due to the large amounts of silt and debris entering water-supply sources during the cyclone. The utility found it difficult to maintain a reliable supply of treated water in the aftermath of the disaster. Communities were unaware they were drinking water that had not been adequately treated. Circumstances permitted this cyclone to be used as a case study to assess whether a simple paper-strip water-quality test (the hydrogen sulphide, H(2)S) kit could be distributed and used for community-based monitoring following such a disaster event to better protect public health. The H(2)S test results correlated well with faecal and total coliform results as found in previous studies. A small percentage of samples (about 10 per cent) tested positive for faecal and total coliforms but did not test positive in the H(2)S test. It was concluded that the H(2)S test would be well suited to wider use, especially in the absence of water-quality monitoring capabilities for outer island groups as it is inexpensive and easy to use, thus enabling communities and community health workers with minimal training to test their own water supplies without outside assistance. The importance of public education before and after natural disasters is also discussed.     

Environmental Vulnerability Indicators for Environmental Planning and Decision-Making: Guidelines and Applications

Environmental decision-making and policy-making at all levels refers necessarily to synthetic, approximate quantification of environmental properties such as vulnerability, conservation status, and ability to recover after perturbation. Knowledge of such properties is essential to informed decision-making, but their definition is controversial and their precise characterization requires investments in research, modeling, and data collection that are only possible in the most developed countries. Environmental agencies and governments worldwide have increasingly requested numerical quantification or semiquantitative ranking of such attributes at the ecosystem, landscape, and country level. We do not have a theory to guide their calculation, in general or specific contexts, particularly with the amount of resources usually available in such cases. As a result, these measures are often calculated with little scientific justification and high subjectivity, and such doubtful approximations are used for critical decision-making. This problem applies particularly to countries with weak economies, such as small island states, where the most precious environmental resources are often concentrated. This paper discusses frameworks for a “least disappointing,” approximate quantification of environmental vulnerability. After a review of recent research and recent attempts to quantify environmental vulnerability, we discuss models and theoretical frameworks for obtaining an approximate, standardizable vulnerability indicator of minimal subjectivity and maximum generality. We also discuss issues of empirical testing and comparability between indicators developed for different environments. To assess the state of the art, we describe an independent ongoing project developed in the South Pacific area and aimed to the comparative evaluation of the vulnerability of arbitrary countries.     

大批波纹拱壳屋顶倒塌的事故分析及其安全改进措施

波纹拱壳屋顶是一种新型的大跨轻钢结构。由于其造价低、施工期短 ,在国内已得到大规模的应用。1996年起 ,我国有几十个大跨波纹拱壳屋顶由于大风或大雪而相继发生坍塌事故 ,这类伤亡事故引起了业界的高度重视。笔者从波纹拱壳屋顶的设计理论、成型工艺、施工工艺、材质等几个方面探讨了波纹拱壳屋顶发生坍塌的原因 ,分析了影响波纹拱壳屋顶安全性能的几个主要因素 ,还提出了防止该结构倒塌的安全改进措施