Effects of anthropogenic disturbances on vegetation diversity and structure: a case study in the remnant forests surrounding the village ecosystems of Tripura,Northeast India

The types, frequency, and intensity of human interference with forests markedly affect the vegetation dynamics. Assessment of the impact of anthropogenic disturbances on forest diversity and structure is one of the central issues related to human behaviour and forest ecosystems and management. Both species diversity and density are very sensitive to local anthropogenic disturbance, which can be reduced depending on land-use systems. We used 10 line transects of 500 × 10 m to record and measure all plants ≥10 cm girth in some of the remaining forests surrounding villages in Tripura, Northeast India. To predict the effects of anthropogenic pressure on species richness and forest structure, we recorded and scored all ongoing disturbances in all transects of the forests. Although our study did not show any significant effects on the mean number of species, all diversity indices were significantly affected by disturbance. Total stem density (F = 128.60, p < 0.0001) and basal area (F = 65.30, p < 0.0001) of the forest stands were significantly affected by disturbance. Disturbance significantly (F = 84.81, p < 0.0001) impacts the abundance of mature voluminous trees removed by extensive illegal logging. Further, stem density at the middle (F = 10.01, p < 0.05) and upper (F = 131.70, p < 0.0001) canopy stories was also reduced by high disturbance intensity. The present analysis will be useful to policy-makers and planners for implementation of sustainable forest management at both the local and regional scale.     

农村水污染的社会原因分析

以浙江田村为个案,从村民的生活方式和生产方式的变化出发,分析没有外来工业污染情况下的农村水污染社会原因.我国广大农村正在遭受"现代化"生产、生活方式的包围和侵袭,要改变这种现状,首先要做的就是改变农民传统的对水的认识、提高广大农民的环境保护意识.     

Estimating prevalence using composites

We are interested in estimating the fraction of a population that possesses a certain trait, such as the presence of a chemical contaminant in a lake. A composite sample drawn from a population has the trait in question whenever one or more of the individual samples making up the composite has the trait. Let the true fraction of the population that is contaminated be p. Classical estimators of p, such as the MLE and the jackknife, have been shown to be biased. In this study, we introduce a new shrinking estimator which can be used when doing composite sampling. The properties of this estimator are investigated and compared with those of the MLE and the jackknife.     

新农村特色产业发展模式研究——基于日本大分县“一村一品”和四川丹棱县“一县四品”的分析

特色产业的发展是新农村建设的重点。通过总结日本等国家在新农村建设过程中＂一村一品＂的经验和做法,回顾国内＂一村一品＂的发展历程,以四川省眉山市丹棱县的＂一县四品＂为例,对我国新农村特色产业发展的实践探索进行分析,提出日本大分县＂一村一品＂和四川丹棱县＂一县四品＂对我国新农村特色产业发展模式的重要启示。     

Effects of social capital on the health quality of the rural elderly in Xihaigu,China: a hierarchical linear model analysis

Based on the analysis and measurement of the social capital and the health quality and structure of the elderly people, this paper examined the effects of social capital on the health quality of the elderly as well as its composition. The examination was conducted by applying a hierarchical linear model (HLM) and using survey data obtained in the Xihaigu area of Ningxia Province in 2017. The empirical results showed that individual social capital had a significant influence on the health of the rural elderly, but the impacts were different on its composition. Village social capital should improve both the physical and mental health quality of the elderly through building mutual trust and promoting stability, unity and a harmonious living environment. In addition, factors such as mode of habitation, diet, medical approaches, intergenerational interactions, and village geographical location also affect the health quality of the elderly.     

农村环境善治的逻辑重塑——基于利益相关者理论的分析

农村环境污染问题是我国实现十八届五中全会倡导的五位一体重大战略的突出矛盾,也是学术界需要研究的核心问题之一。本研究利用利益相关者理论分析法,对我国农村环境治理失灵的内在机理进行理论解释,认为政府、企业、城市、村民、环保组织、科研院校等利益相关者的不同利益诉求和行为导向,造成了目前农村环境污染的现实困境。分析发现:正是政府层面重视经济发展,轻视监管职责;企业层面重视经济利润,轻视社会责任;农民层面重视生计诉求、轻视安全需求;城市层面突破政府管制,转嫁污染成本;环保组织力量资源有限,难以提供环保功能以及科研院校重视环保技术研发,轻视科技推广,才导致了现阶段农村环境污染愈演愈烈。因此,只有明确政府、企业、城市、村民、环保组织、科研院校等利益相关者的角色定位,充分发挥好各自的环保功能,真正构建起农村环境的共同治理体系,才能克服不同利益相关者之间的冲突和相互博弈状态,进而实现农村环境善治的目标。研究结论表明:农村环境善治的内涵体现为政治国家与公民社会的合作参与、共同治理乡村环境问题.其主要特征为合法性、透明性、责任性、回应性、有效性,其实质是在乡村环境治理中,构建起强国家和强社会的"双强"模式。通过构建这种"双强"模式使国家与社会在乡村环境治理中达成利益均衡共识,彼此协同合作,共同致力于乡村环境的善治之道,以此彻底改变现在的乡村污染面貌,最终实现十八届五中全会倡导的生态良好农村战略构想。     

公共治理与村庄自治视角下农户土地产权认知的形成

农村土地确权登记是国家赋权的重要举措,农户对国家赋权的主观认知则建构了政策实施的重要基础。为辨析不同治理层面国家赋权对农户产权认知的影响特征及其差异性,本文通过理论分析和实证考察相结合的方式,采用引入"国家赋权×农户行为能力"交叉项的Probit模型和Oprobit模型,并利用苏、赣、辽三省2 477户农户的调查数据经验分析了农村土地确权登记在公共治理和村庄自治层面对不同行为能力的农户产权认知的影响。在此基础上,通过求解不同主体行为能力下国家赋权对农户土地产权认知的偏效应,识别了治理层次与主体行为能力的互动特征。研究结果表明,国家赋权更易提高农户对公共治理领域的土地产权安全感知,且对行为能力较强的农户产权安全感知的激励作用大于行为能力较弱的农户,具有典型的主体"歧视性"。经验结果表明,国家赋权更易提高农户对公共治理领域的土地产权安全感知;其次,国家赋权在村庄自治层面对直接行为能力较弱农户的产权安全感知的抑制作用大于直接行为能力较强的农户,但在公共治理层面则对直接行为能力和间接行为能力较强农户的产权安全感知均具有更强的正向激励。为此,本文认为政策改革需关注公共治理和村庄自治层面国家赋权的实施差异及避免主体歧视,产权认知领域的研究则需综合考虑国家赋权、社会规范和主体行为能力三个层次的内在关联。     

基于现实情境的村民委员会参与农村食品安全风险治理的行为研究

有效治理农村食品安全问题,需要发挥村委会的作用,构建社会共治格局。为了探究村委会参与农村食品安全治理的现状,本文基于对山东省、江苏省、安徽省和河南省等四个省份1 242个村委会的问卷调查,运用因子分析和聚类分析方法,实证测度了现实情境下村委会参与农村食品安全风险的治理行为。调查结果表明,受访村干部以年龄段在46—60岁间、受教育程度为高中、任职时间为3—4年的男性为主;被调查的村委会成员以3—5人为主,所辖人口主要在5 000人以下,绝大多数村委会每年对村干部的补贴在5 000元以下;受调查的村委会在食用农产品生产环节的治理具有相对较好的表现,在食品流通消费环节的治理表现相对较差,在食品安全风险治理职能建设方面则分别表现出了较好和较差的两极化倾向。因子分析结果表明,村委会参与食品安全风险治理的行为内含食用农产品安全生产、食品安全流通消费、宣传职能建设和基础治理职能建设等四个因子,分别对应不同的治理重点和方式:食用农产品生产环节与源头治理型,流通消费环节与效果追求型,宣传职能建设与信息公开型,基础治理职能建设与职能推动型。根据上述四个因子最终将现阶段不同治理行为的村委会划分为参与传统型、参与起步型、参与断点型和参与全面型等四种类型。这些结论对在新的历史时期促进村委会的职能建设,引导村委会参与农村社会治理尤其防范农村食品安全风险具有重要的作用。基于此,本文构建了村委会参与农村食品安全风险治理的行为路径,并提出了相关政策建议。     

中国旅游扶贫地空间分布格局及成因

旅游扶贫试点村是中国实施旅游扶贫的重要载体,是精准扶贫理念的集中体现。本研究以全国560个旅游扶贫试点村为研究样本,综合运用空间分析、相关性分析等方法探究了中国旅游扶贫地的空间分布格局和成因。研究表明:1试点村在地理空间上呈现凝聚型分布状态,地带间分布差异较小,西部分布稍多于东部,中部相对最少,与传统认知上的贫困村分布格局存在错位现象。2试点村系统分形特征明显,存在局部围绕贫困山区集聚的情况,空间分布上呈现不等概率分布状态,分形结构较为复杂。3试点村分布密度最大区域为燕山-太行山、罗霄山、沂蒙山和武夷山-南岭山区,其次为六盘山、秦巴山、武陵山、大别山和滇桂黔等山区,且大都高密度分布在各省区边缘和交界地带,呈现"大集聚、小分散"的空间分布格局。4中国旅游扶贫地的空间格局的形成主要原因有旅游资源禀赋、地形海拔高度、交通因素及政府政策导向四个方面。5优质的旅游资源禀赋、较高的地形海拔高度、落后的交通条件以及强有力的地方政策支持可以作为试点村的评选标准;并从空间上建议增加中西部试点村布点;对空间上集聚在贫困山区的试点村其旅游扶贫应注意保护性开发利用原生态的自然环境,深挖地域文化符号;各省区边缘和交界地带试点村应加强区域旅游合作。最后结合试点村的分布和致贫的原因,把试点村划分为资源利用不足型、山地环境制约型、交通区位非优型、政策支持欠缺型四种类型,从而提出针对不同类型试点村旅游扶贫路径。     

Research on central village selection in western underdeveloped region: a case study of Lidian Town,Jingning County,Gansu Province,China

Central village selection is the priority of small town construction. Depending on the development potential analysis, classification analysis, and quantitative and qualitative analysis, this article systematically proposes the specific methods of central village selection and also constructs the indicator system used in central village selection in small towns of western underdeveloped region in China. The article also puts forward ideas and methods for selection of central village in the western underdeveloped region through an empirical research on Lidian Town, Jingning County, Gansu Province. In the final part, suggestions and recommendations on how to develop central village for Lidian Town are made.