黄河三角洲柽柳灌丛对周边土壤呼吸的影响研究

土壤呼吸是区域碳收支及全球变化的热点问题之一,植物作为碳循环重要的生物库对土壤呼吸有着深远的影响。本文以黄河三角洲柽柳灌丛周边土壤的CO₂通量变化的时空特征为研究目的,采用LI-8100A开路式土壤碳通量监测系统,分析了不同生境条件下柽柳对周边的土壤呼吸的影响,结果表明：(1)研究区生境可分为低盐-高养与高盐-低养。低盐生境中的柽柳灌丛,其周边土壤的土壤呼吸速率明显高于高盐生境,夏秋两季的日动态没有明显的“单峰曲线”特征,春季峰值具有明显的“滞后”现象。(2)柽柳灌丛的南(S)、北(N)方向上,S方向更容易获得光照与热量,表现为春秋两季S方向的土壤呼吸速率高于N方向,但夏季这种现象却恰好相反。土壤呼吸速率昼夜差异较大,但夜间土壤呼吸速率却不容忽视,接近总量的40%,春季土壤呼吸速率昼夜差异最大。(3)以柽柳灌丛中心为起点由近及远,呈现出随着距离的增加土壤呼吸速率逐渐降低的趋势,这种趋势在低盐生境的灌丛周边尤为明显。高盐生境中,S方向的土壤呼吸速率为远距柽柳处的较高,这种“逆反”现象与温度、湿度交替的较大变异有一定关系。     

黄土高原东部山区两种灌木群落的土壤碳通量研究

用动态气室法对2个灌木群落(样地1:黄刺玫+荆条Rosa xanthina+Vitex negundo;样地2:沙棘Periploca sepium)的土壤碳通量进行了连续4年(2005～2008年)的定位测定,研究灌木群落土壤碳通量的年内、年际变化与土壤温度和水分的关系.结果表明:土壤碳通量具有明显的季节变化特点,受土壤温度和水分的影响,土壤碳通量的最大值出现在土壤温度和水分均较高的月份,最低值出现在3、12月以及其它较为干旱的月份;2个灌木群落4年土壤碳通量的平均值分别为(5.20±4.02)、(3.21±2.38)、(3.48±2.48)、(2.73±1.46)μmol.m-.2s-1和(6.10±4.31)、(3.90±2.54)、(3.89±3.07)、(3.92±2.71)μmol.m-.2s-1(以CO2计),4年的总平均值为(4.02±3.08)μmol.m-.2s-1.2个灌木群落4年土壤碳通量的总平均值分别为1002和1169 g.m-.2a-1(以C计),样地间差异不显著(p=0.35).剔除土壤水分胁迫时测定的数据后,指数函数可以很好地拟合土壤碳通量与土壤温度的关系,方程的决定系数分别在0.47～0.85和0.78～0.85之间;样地1和样地2的土壤碳通量温度敏感性指数(Q10值)分别在1.88～2.73和3.61～4.28之间.土壤水分对土壤碳通量的影响在样地1较为明显.但是,对4年测定所有数据的分段分析表明,生长季土壤水分对土壤碳通量影响显著(p0.05),非生长季土壤温度对土壤碳通量影响显著(p0.05).用包含土壤水分和土壤温度的4个双变量关系方程可提高模型的预测能力,R2值在0.52～0.89之间.研究结果可为黄土高原东部山区灌丛土壤碳通量乃至生态系统碳平衡研究提供参考.     

草灌混播在边坡绿化防护中的应用

边坡绿化防护是对人工开挖建设形成的各种坡面进行生态修复以及防止水土流失的一项重要措施。草、灌木混播应用于边坡防护与修复,较之于单一的草被措施,更有利于形成立体的、多样的植被结构,对边坡的稳定和美化有更好的效果。     

Efficacy of Control Measures for European Buckthorn (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhamnus cathartica</Emphasis> L.) in Saskatchewan

Introduced to Saskatchewan in the 1930s as a potential shelterbelt species, European buckthorn is now a prominent understory shrub in riparian woodland and shrub communities around Saskatoon. Locally, the Meewasin Valley Authority (MVA) is actively controlling buckthorn as part of its mandate to conserve natural heritage resources of the South Saskatchewan River Valley, with the goal of restoring the natural biodiversity of remnant patches of native vegetation. European buckthorn is normally dioecious, and MVA has chosen to treat only fruiting stems in an attempt to limit seed production. Two control techniques have been used. In one treatment, glyphosate was applied to stems after cutting; alternatively Garlon 4 Dow AgroSciences herbicide (active ingredient triclopyr) was applied as a chemical girdle directly to the stems using a streamline basal bark spray method. To date, more than 347,000 fruiting stems of buckthorn have been treated. Results indicate good initial progress in limiting seed production in dense buckthorn sites, but at a high cost. Although seed eradication is not a practical short-term goal for the Saskatoon buckthorn population, chemical girdling can substantially and strategically reduce seed and effectively limit spread. Field-tested strategies to reduce costs and improve efficiencies are discussed.     

岩性对喀斯特灌丛土壤固氮菌与丛枝菌根真菌群落结构及丰度的影响

运用末端限制性片段长度多态性(terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,T-RFLP)和荧光定量PCR(real-time PCR)法,检测喀斯特灌丛生态系统中不同岩性条件下土壤固氮菌与丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌群落结构与丰度的变化,揭示岩性对灌丛生态系统土壤中固氮菌与AM真菌群落结构与丰度的影响.结果表明不同岩性条件下,土壤固氮菌与AM真菌丰度存在显著差异,其中,固氮菌与AM真菌丰度在石灰岩土壤中最大,白云岩土壤中最小,石灰岩-白云岩夹层土壤介于两者之间;同样,不同岩性土壤中固氮菌与AM真菌群落结构存在显著性差异.土壤Olsen-P、有机碳、黏粒含量与固氮菌丰度存在显著正相关关系,而土壤全氮、黏粒含量与AM真菌丰度存在显著正相关.RDA分析表明,植物均匀度影响固氮菌群落组成结构,而植物均匀度、香农多样性指数及丰富度指数影响AM真菌群落组成结构.以上的研究结果表明:岩性主要是通过影响植物与土壤养分来影响土壤固氮菌与AM真菌群落组成结构及丰度.     

贵州中部喀斯特山地三种优势灌木养分分布

选择贵州喀斯特山区广泛分布的灌木林和灌草丛生态系统,探讨了三种优势灌木养分分布格局及其与土壤的关系。结果表明：（1）三种优势灌木叶片和果实的氮和钾元素含量高于茎干和根系,果实和茎干的磷含量比其他器官高,而钙镁主要集中在茎干和叶片。（2）在灌草丛中,三种灌木根系和茎干的N：P之间差异显著且变异很大,而在灌木林中,三种灌木根系的N：P比值变异较大,但它们之间没有差异。（3）根际有效态养分含量与叶片养分含量呈正相关关系,叶片磷与根际有效态磷显著正相关     

Introduced Species and Management of a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nothofagus/Austrocedrus</Emphasis> Forest

Isla Victoria (Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina), a large island dominated by native Nothofagus and Austrocedrus forest, has old plantations of many introduced tree species, some of which are famed invaders of native ecosystems elsewhere. There are also large populations of introduced deer and shrubs that may interact in a complex way with the introduced trees, as well as a recently arrived population of wild boar. Long-standing concern that the introduced trees will invade and transform native forest may be unwarranted, as there is little evidence of progressive invasion, even close to the plantations, despite over 50 years of opportunity. Introduced and native shrubs allow scattered introduced trees to achieve substantial size in abandoned pastures, but in almost all areas neither the trees nor the shrubs appear to be spreading beyond these sites. These shrub communities may be stable rather than successional, but the technology for restoring them to native forest is uncertain and probably currently impractical. Any attempt to remove the exotic tree seedlings and saplings from native forest would probably create the very conditions that would favor colonization by exotic plants rather than native trees, while simply clear-cutting the plantations would be unlikely to lead to regeneration of Nothofagus or Austrocedrus. The key to maintaining native forest is preventing catastrophic fire, as several introduced trees and shrubs would be favored over native dominant trees in recolonization. Deer undoubtedly interact with both native and introduced trees and shrubs, but their net effect on native forest is not yet clear, and specific management of deer beyond the current hunting by staff is unwarranted, at least if preventing tree invasion is the goal. The steep terrain and shallow soil make the recently arrived boar a grave threat to the native forest. Eradication is probably feasible and should be attempted quickly.     

皆伐对青藏高原东部银露梅种群生长与繁殖的影响

调查了青藏高原东部川西云杉原始林下优势灌木银露梅及其在皆伐7 a后迹地上的种群结构、生长与繁殖状况,并进行了对比研究.发现(1)皆伐迹地生境中的银露梅灌丛年龄结构、萌生株年龄结构、萌生株数大小结构和冠幅结构与原始林下相比均存在着较大的差异;(2)在皆伐生境中,与林下同龄的银露梅丛冠幅、基径总和以及株高总和均显著增加,皆伐显著促进了银露梅的无性萌生能力和结实数量的增加.综合分析表明,银露梅能有效适应迹地退化形成的阳性生境,因此可作为高海拔地区皆伐迹地植被恢复中先锋灌木种.图2表1参21     

放牧对祁连山高寒金露梅灌丛草甸土壤微生物的影响

以祁连山北支冷龙岭东段南麓的甘柴滩夏季牧场集体长期混合(藏系绵羊、牦牛)放牧的高寒金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa)灌丛草地为对象,采用平板涂抹分离法和氯仿熏蒸法对不同放牧压力梯度下土壤微生物(细菌、真菌和放线菌)和土壤微生物碳、微生物氮量进行研究,结果表明:不同放牧压力梯度下,金露梅灌丛和丛间草地土壤微生物以细菌占绝对优势,放线菌和真菌较少,垂直分布明显;随着放牧压力梯度的增加,金露梅灌丛和丛间草地,0～25 cm土层中的细菌、放线菌、真菌及微生物碳和微生物氮数量呈降低趋势,其降低程度与放牧压力梯度呈直线正相关.与无放牧金露梅灌丛相比0～25 cm土层的细菌、真菌、放线菌最大降幅分别为49.64%、37.76%和46.64%;金露梅灌丛土壤微生物碳量占土壤有机碳的比例变化为0.85%～0.43%,微生物氮占土壤全氮的0.90%～1.11%,微生物量对土壤营养库的贡献率较低;土壤微生物量和土壤有机质呈显著线形正相关;土壤细菌数量和土壤水分呈显著线形正相关.     

毛乌素沙地土地利用/覆被变化对草地土壤物理、化学和矿物学性质的影响

In arid and semiarid regions, cultivation and shrub invasion are two important factors to impact grassland. However, there are few studies to compare the effects of cultivation and shrub invasion on soil physical, chemical and mineralogical properties. In this study, three sampling sites, which respectively represent the native grassland, cultivated grassland (farmland), and shrub invasion of grassland (shrub land) in Mu Us sand land, were selected and soil samples were collected and measured for soil particle size distribution (PSD), soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP) concentrations, and relative percentages of mineralogical components. Results showed that cultivation and shrub invasion significantly altered the soil PSD, soil C, N and P concentrations and pools, and the relative percentages of soil mineralogical components of the grassland ecosystems. Grassland cultivation and shrub invasion significantly decreased the contents of silt and clay. Moreover, the land cover change from grassland to farmland or shrubland significantly resulted in soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and soil carbonate loss. In this study, we found that grassland cultivation resulted in more sand accumulation and more soil C and N losses than shrub invasion, which indicated that grassland cultivation was stronger than shrub invasion to accelerate soil desertification in Mu Us sand land.