适宜性评价视角下的煤矿土地复垦技术措施研究——以白山市道清沟煤矿为例

基于土地适宜性评价方法,着重选取极限值条件法、AHP层次分析法、加权指数和法对白山市道清沟煤矿区的土地适宜类和土地质量等进行系统综合的分析,判定道清沟煤矿待复垦土地的类型、数量和质量。基于土地破坏现状和适宜性评价结果,提出以工程措施为主、生物化学措施为辅助的土地生态重构对策。     

生态退耕对安塞县土地利用及其生态服务功能的影响

以生态系统服务价值作为衡量区域生态服务功能的指标,对安塞县1998-2006年间生态服务功能的变化进行了分析。根据黄土丘陵沟壑区耕地坡度与水土流失相关关系以及农户调查数据,对安塞县耕地扰动调节、水分调节、水供应、侵蚀控制以及不同坡耕地食物供应能力的生态服务价值指数进行了修正。在此基础上,分析了安塞县退耕还林还草政策对区域生态服务功能变化的影响。结果表明:生态建设措施使得安塞县生态恶化的趋势得到扭转,其生态服务功能在1998-2006年间增加了12%,其中缓坡耕地、中坡耕地和陡坡耕地的退出,对安塞县生态服务功能增强的贡献率分别为25%,48%,27%。文章还对生态建设的监督与投资进行了讨论,认为基于实验的生态系统功能监测与评估技术才是生态系统服务价值评估的基础;生态建设所带来的生态效益的主要获益者是更大空间范围的利益相关者甚至全社会,因此作为社会代表的政府应成为生态建设的主要投资主体。     

基于数量视角的耕地保护政策绩效评价

耕地保护政策的绩效评价是我国粮食安全及土地调控的重要课题。本文基于数量保护的视角,采用数据包络分析法(DataEnvelopment Analysis,简称DEA)评价了我国2000-2007年的耕地保护政策绩效,测度对象主要为耕地总量动态平衡、土地用途管制、耕地执法监管政策。研究结果显示,耕地保护政策在数量保护上具有总体效率高(2002年除外)、规模效率递增或保持、纯技术效率高的表征,但是,规模效率、纯技术效率与总体效率不能很好拟合且三项效率的综合具有分层性,只有耕地总量动态平衡达到了最佳产出。进而得出结论:2000-2007年,耕地保护政策取得了耕地总量平衡、耕地基本数量维持、建设占用耕地趋缓、耕地违法减少的显著效果,然而,耕地保护政策绩效的年度差异、政策时滞及体制等影响因素的复杂、投入和产出的部分饱和亦表明绩效的不充分。为促进我国耕地保护政策绩效的提升,提出强化土地利用总体规划作用、建立耕地保护责任制度等建议,并对进一步研究作了展望。     

Decoupling Relationship Between Cultivated Land Occupation by Construction and Economic Growth in China During 1998-2007

With the rapid development of economy, the conversion of cultivated land into nonagricultural land occurs more frequently and makes cultivated land sparser. This article based on the decoupling theory takes the situations of cultivated land occupation by construction and economic growth in China from 1998 to 2007 as an example to evaluate and analyze the decoupling. The conclusions are drawn as follows. First, the article applies IU curve and gross method. The decoupling status by gross method, in contrast to that by IU curve, can express the pressure from cultivated land occupation better and is similar to the decoupling status based on the model of decoupling in this article. Second, in most provinces of China, the relationship between the cultivated land occupation by construction and economic growth has transformed from expansive negative decoupling to strong decoupling. In general, the transformation was firstly from economically advanced eastern municipalities under the central government directly, then to economically advanced eastern coastal provinces, and lastly to central, western and northeastern regions. Third, the decoupling status was relative to contemporaneous policies and laws on cultivated land protection and regional development planning. Their effect is obvious and positive.     

江苏海岸带土地利用变化及驱动力分析

通过对江苏海岸带近13a的土地利用变化和社会经济分析,得出:连云港海岸带以耕地、其他建设用地和农村居民点为主,占81%,海岸带开发程度高;斑块个数增加,景观破碎化增大。盐城以耕地、草地和其他建设用地为主,占77.45%,开发程度中等;耕地、水库坑塘等人工景观面积增大,适宜生物多样性保护的生境面积减少。南通海岸带以耕地和滩涂为主,占88.93%,但两者的面积都在下降;人工景观面积增加。人口增长的压力、政府政策的导向与社会经济的驱动是江苏沿海三市海岸带景观格局变化的主要驱动力。连云港海岸带人口密度增加了13.8%,第二产业产值增加了7.7倍,人类活动的干扰使海岸带破碎明显;盐城海岸带人均GDP增加了4倍,经济利益的驱使,使盐城丧失大面积的草地,海岸湿地遭到破坏;南通海岸带人口密度减小了2.0%,人均GDP增加了5.3倍,第三产业的发展对海岸带干扰较小,海岸带景观破碎度较低。     

Spatial Variability of Nitrate Concentrations Under Diverse Conditions in Tributaries to a Lake Watershed1

Abstract: Nitrate‐nitrogen (NO₃‐N) concentrations in stream water often respond uniquely to changes in inter‐annual conditions (e.g., biological N uptake and precipitation) in individual catchments. In this paper, we assess (1) how the spatial distribution of NO₃‐N concentrations varies across a dense network of nonnested catchments and (2) how relationships between multiple landscape factors [within whole catchments and hydrologically sensitive areas (HSAs) of the catchments] and stream NO₃‐N are expressed under a variety of annual conditions. Stream NO₃‐N data were collected during two synoptic sampling events across >55 tributaries and two synoptic sampling periods with >11 tributaries during summer low flow periods. Sample tributaries drain mixed land cover watersheds ranging in size from 0.150 to 312 km² and outlet directly to Cayuga Lake, New York. Changes in NO₃‐N concentration ratios between each sampling event suggest a high degree of spatial heterogeneity in catchment response across the Cayuga Lake Watershed, ranging from 0.230 to 61.4. Variations in NO₃‐N concentrations within each of the large synoptic sampling events were also high, ranging from 0.040 to 8.7 mg NO₃‐N/l (March) and 0.090 to 15.5 mg NO₃‐N/l (October). Although Pearson correlation coefficients suggest that this variability is related to multiple landscape factors during all four sampling events, partial correlations suggest percentage of row crops in the catchments as the only similar factor in March and October and catchment area as the only factor during summer low flows. Further, the strength of the relationships is typically lower in the HSAs of catchment. Advancing current understanding of such variations and relationships to landscape factors across multiple catchments – and under a variety of biogeochemical and hydrological conditions – is important, as (1) nitrate continues to be employed as an indicator of regional aquatic ecosystem health and services and (2) a unified framework approach for understanding individual catchment processes is a rapidly evolving focus for catchment‐based science and management.     

对于土地使用权升值问题的探讨

基于经济和社会等方面的原因,土地所有权的价格一般会不断上涨,固定年期土地使用权价格也会随之上升。但受让土地使用权价格存在类似折旧的现象。投资人能否从地价普遍上涨中获得增值收益,取决于土地所有权增值比率、土地还原利率、剩余使用年期等多种因素。     

Long-Term Indigenous Soil Conservation Technology in the Chencha Area,Southern Ethiopia: Origin,Characteristics, and Sustainability

The purpose of this study is to examine the origin, development, and characteristics of terraces (kella), plus their potentials and determinants for sustainable use in the Chencha–Dorze Belle area of southern Ethiopia. Field surveys were conducted to determine the various parameters of the indigenous terraces and in order to collect samples for radiocarbon dating. To identify farmers’ views of the terrace systems, semi-structured interviews and group discussions were also carried out. Terraces were built and used—as radiocarbon dating proves—at least over the last 800 years. The long-term continued usage of the indigenous terraces is the result of social commitments, the structural features of the terraces, and the farmers’ responses to the dynamics of social and cultural circumstances. We dubbed that the terraces are a success story of fruitful environmental management over generations. Thus, a strong need is to preserve and develop this important cultural heritage and example of sustainable land use.     

城市绿地系统建设的生态对策——以长春市为例

绿色空间是所有城市实现可持续发展的物质载体和市民接触自然的主要场所。几乎所有城市不同程度地存在着绿地被挤占、破坏、污染严重等各种问题。以长春市为例,提出了大城市进行绿地系统建设的总量控制、构建经色空间网络体系等生态对策,并针对大城市内部用地紧张的矛盾,探讨了市区内部的绿化用地潜力。     

核素示踪法研究农耕地土壤侵蚀的定量模型及其评价

应用137Cs示踪技术估算农耕地土壤侵蚀量的定量模型主要有两类径流小区上建立的经验关系式及各种理论模型.文章主要对各种主要模型作了简要介绍,并对各种模型的优点、局限性进行了比较和评价;指出今后在模型的建立和应用中注意的问题.