Electrosensory basis for individual recognition in a weakly electric, mormyrid fish, Pollimyrus adspersus (Günther, 1866)

Pollimyrus adspersus discriminates the individually variable waveforms of Electric Organ Discharges (EODs) of conspecifics of only 150–250 s duration. We examined: (1) the discrimination threshold for artificially generated EODs of similar waveform, (2) the mechanism of signal analysis (spectral vs temporal) present, by determining the discrimination between different waveforms of identical amplitude spectra, and (3) the threshold field intensity and reach of discrimination. The triphasic P. adspersus EOD waveform was artificially generated by superimposing two Gaussians, one wide, the second narrow, inverted, and of threefold amplitude. The natural variability among individual EOD waveforms was simulated by phase-shifting one Gaussian relative to the other. The symmetrical waveform where the peaks of the two Gaussians coincided was used as a reference (phase shift=0, rewarded stimulus S+). Results were: (1) in food-rewarded conditioning experiments, trained fish (N=7) detected a phase-shift in artificial EOD stimuli as low as 2 s (N=2 fish), 6 s (N=1) and 10 s (N=1). (2) All fish tested (N=3) discriminated between artificial EODs of identical amplitude spectra but different waveforms (hence, different phase spectra), demonstrating a temporal mechanism of signal analysis. (3) The maximum reach of waveform discrimination was 130 cm at 4.9 V_p-p/cm and 100 S/cm water conductivity (test signal generated at natural amplitude), that is, similar to the reach of EOD detection. Therefore, among the three kinds of electroreceptor organ present in mormyrids, we consider Knollenorgane the relevant sensory organs for EOD waveform discrimination.Communicated by J. Krause     

How do fighting ability and nest value influence usurpation contests in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Polistes</Emphasis> wasps?

Most research on animal contests has focused on the factors that influence the intensity and outcome of aggressive contests within nonsocial species, while relatively little is known about contests in social taxa. Here, we examine contests among queens of the social paper wasp, Polistes dominulus. Queens use multiple reproductive strategies, including nesting alone, usurping established colonies, and cooperatively joining other queens. We stage contests between a nesting queen and a challenger to test how resource value (RV) and resource holding potential (RHP) influence (a) who occupies the nest at the end of the contest and (b) the extent of conflict between the queen and challenger. We found that RHP, as measured by individuals’ facial patterns and body size, influenced the outcome of the contest. Challengers with high RHP were more likely to successfully usurp the nest than challengers with low RHP. Interestingly, queens with relatively high RHP were more likely to form a cooperative association with the challenger than queens with lower RHP, suggesting that queens may evict individuals that are an aggressive threat. RV influenced the intensity of conflict. There was more aggressive conflict over large nests than over small nests. Overall, social taxa have complex contest dynamics with important parallels to contests in nonsocial taxa. Studying contests in social taxa provides an important perspective on the factors that influence individual decisions about conflict versus cooperation.     

Selectivity in Mammalian Extinction Risk and Threat Types: a New Measure of Phylogenetic Signal Strength in Binary Traits

Abstract: The strength of phylogenetic signal in extinction risk can give insight into the mechanisms behind species’ declines. Nevertheless, no existing measure of phylogenetic pattern in a binary trait, such as extinction‐risk status, measures signal strength in a way that can be compared among data sets. We developed a new measure for phylogenetic signal of binary traits, D, which simulations show gives robust results with data sets of more than 50 species, even when the proportion of threatened species is low. We applied D to the red‐list status of British birds and the world's mammals and found that the threat status for both groups exhibited moderately strong phylogenetic clumping. We also tested the hypothesis that the phylogenetic pattern of species threatened by harvesting will be more strongly clumped than for those species threatened by either habitat loss or invasive species because the life‐history traits mediating the effects of harvesting show strong evolutionary pattern. For mammals, our results supported our hypothesis; there was significant but weaker phylogenetic signal in the risk caused by the other two drivers (habitat loss and invasive species). We conclude that D is likely to be a useful measure of the strength of phylogenetic pattern in many binary traits.     

超声脉冲压缩法检测混凝土损伤的研究

为提高混凝土超声检测的信号噪声比,提高测量精度,研究脉冲压缩调频超声发射的方法。该方法发射具有包络的线性调频超声脉冲,在不提高发射声压的情况下增加了发射能量,可提高超声检测的有效作用距离和测量精度,提高信噪比。笔者给出脉冲压缩和解压的基本原理,设计了脉冲解压缩电路;经实验检测结果表明,脉冲压缩超声检测能在没有降低测量距离的情况下,明显提高检测的精度,检测到常规检测中不能发现的缺陷。     

GSM数字移动通信基站电磁辐射测量与分析

通过对联通齐齐哈尔 GSM数字移动通信基站电磁辐射的测量与分析 ,明确其对周围环境可能造成的影响 ,为环境保护管理提供参考性意见     

关于节能减排达标申报制度的信号博弈分析

恰到好处的奖罚制度是促成企业自觉环保或者监管机构积极监理的前提。特别地,为促成企业自觉地采取环保行动,必须加大针对监管机构不作为的惩戒力度,而不仅仅是进一步地提高针对企业环保行为的奖罚力度。这就给环境监管机构带来了莫大的压力。因此,为有效缓解监管机构的工作压力,有必要建立节能减排达标申报制度。基于节能减排达标申报制度的信号博弈分析,排放达标企业将如实申报自己的节能减排情况。但只要监管机构对于申报排放达标企业意思表示真实的信心足够高,排放未达标的企业就有动机虚假申报其节能减排的情况。因此,节能减排达标申报制度存在四种可能的运行状况,亦即存在四种可能的后继博弈精炼Bayes Nash均衡策略。其中的两个为分离均衡状态,另外两个则为混同于申报达标的均衡状态。两个混同均衡的效果极差,实际上意味着节能减排达标申报制度失效。只有在分离均衡1或2下,节能减排达标申报制度的运行才较为理想。而且分离均衡2的效果要优于分离均衡1。因此,建议完善现行的排污申报与登记制度,建立节能减排达标申报制度。并尽可能地加大针对达标企业的财政补贴力度以及针对未达标企业的惩罚力度,以便尽可能地降低节能减排达标企业错误申报的可能性。与此同时,还要严格政府监管机构的组织纪律,除了要求全面核查申报达标的企业,并加大针对政府监管机构不作为的惩戒力度之外,还应经由全面核查,对节能减排达标企业的环保工作评定等级,以便重奖优者。     

基于交流电磁场裂纹缺陷识别仿真研究

为了研究基于交流电磁场裂纹缺陷识别问题,调研了交流电磁场检测的国内外现状,结合交流电磁场技术,利用有限元分析软件ANSYS Maxwell构建常见的裂纹缺陷模型,进行仿真分析。研究了缺陷尺寸的识别以及不同缺陷簇群对交流电磁场(Alternating Current Field Measurement,ACFM）检测信号特征的影响,对提取的Bx和Bz（沿坐标轴X方向和Z方向的磁感应强度）特征信号的影响进行了分析与探讨,得到影响ACFM技术的核心参数,并建立了缺陷深度和长度的测量评估方法。研究结果表明:通过测量Bz曲线的峰谷间距可初步确定缺陷长度; Bx曲线检测同时受缺陷深度和缺陷长度的影响,对于缺陷深度检测灵敏度较低;ACFM技术虽能够实现对缺陷个数的识别,但难以准确识别缺陷尺寸的大小,当缺陷间的距离足够大时,才能准确实现缺陷的定量识别。     

微机联锁控制的铁路道口报警系统设计与应用

为提高铁路道口报警系统的稳定可靠性,将微机连锁源程序与道口控制程序融合后,设计一种微机联锁信号控制铁路道口自动报警系统。分别介绍单股道铁路道口和2条股道以上铁路道口的系统硬件电路图、工作原理和软件设计方法。系统试运行阶段没有出现任何错误和异常,现已推广使用。     

新型光声光谱法测定总无机碳酸盐含量

采用新型富氏变换红外光谱气体分析仪测定固体及水体样品中总无机碳酸盐含量,原理是CO₂对红外线的主动式光声吸收.反应器浸没在恒温水浴中,经氮气吹洗后,在连续搅动条件下,向样品中加入一定量高氯酸.酸解生成的CO₂对特定波段的红外吸收造成温度和压力的波动,从而产生频率取决于吸收波长的光声信号,再由微型麦克风加以记录.实验对固体和液体标准样品的线性检测范围分别为120 mg的CaCO₃和36.4 mmol/L的NaHCO₃,灵敏度分别为0.02 mg和3 mmol/L.因总无机碳酸盐的酸性缓冲容量对黏土矿物的表面酸碱性质影响显著,故选择不同来源天然伊利石作为模型样品进行测定,并探讨一些影响因素和改进方案.     

OPNET仿真平台下典型作战环境对弹载通信干扰效果影响研究

为了解和掌握典型作战环境下弹载通信干扰机的干扰效果,利用OPNET仿真平台建立弹载通信干扰模型,并在被干扰对象进程中刻画了典型作战环境下的信号传输模型,最后当跳频电台的发射天线高架时,对东南沿海和西南边境等两种典型作战环境进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明:东南沿海环境下,干扰机下降过程中受到障碍物的阻挡时,干扰信号无法到达部分电台的接收端,导致电台接收端的信噪比有所提高;西南边境环境下,干扰机下降过程中由于山区地形的遮挡,对超短波电台的干扰信号阻挡较多,干扰效果不明显,而对短波电台的阻挡较少,被干扰的程度较大,使得短波电台出现了丢包。随着干扰机的进一步下降,对短波电台的干扰信号也被阻挡,使得对短波的干扰程度降低,其丢包率和误码率均逐步降低。相关结论对充分发挥典型作战环境下弹载通信干扰机的作战效能具有借鉴意义。