Effects of the new nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on nitrate and potassium leaching in two soils

In this study, soil column was used to study the new nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on nitrate (NO3--N) and potassium (K) leaching in the sandy loam soil and clay loam soil. The results showed that DMPP with ammonium sulphate nitrate (ASN) ((NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3) or urea could reduce NO3--N leaching significantly, whereas ammonium (NH4 -N) leaching increased slightly. In case of total N (NO3--N NH4 -N), losses by leaching during the experimental period (40 d) were 37.93 mg (urea), 31.61 mg (urea DMPP), 108.10 mg (ASN), 60.70 mg (ASN DMPP) in the sandy loam soil, and 30.54 mg (urea), 21.05 mg (urea DMPP), 37.86 mg (ASN), 31. 09 mg (ASN DMPP) in the clay loam soil, respectively. DMPP-amended soil led to the maintenance of relatively high levels of NH4 -N and low levels of NO3--N in soil, and nitrification was slower. DMPP supplementation also resulted in potassium leached less, but the difference was not significant except the treatment ASN and ASN DMPP in the sandy loam soil. Above results indicate that DMPP is a good nitrification inhibitor, the efficiency of DMPP seems better in the sandy loam soil than in the clay loam soil and lasts longer.     

电梯电动机运转时间限制器检验新方法的探讨

随着电梯的广泛使用,钢丝绳断丝、断股导致的事故时有发生,电梯电动机运转时间限制器的重要性越来越凸显出来。针对电梯电动机运转时间限制器落后的检验现状,根据实际现场检验经验,通过分析电梯的控制原理,总结了一种新的检验方法,该方法安全性高,实用性强,操作方便。     

基于信息融合的天然气采气管线安全性评价

信息融合技术充分利用多源信息的互补性、综合性,可以极大地提高评价指标信息的质量和可信度。针对天然气采气管线运行环境复杂性带来的采气管线安全检测与评价在时间与空间的不确定性,通过采集以及分析天然气采气管线的宏观检测信息、无损检测信息、理化检测信息以及力学性能信息,提出了一种利用信息融合技术的采气管线安全性评价的模型,给出了该评价模型的步骤,并对某在役运行的天然气采气管线进行了安全性评价,并获得满意的效果。评价结果表明该管线存在不同程度腐蚀,安全性评价表明该管线可安全运行。     

振动试验的控制策略

振动试验的试验控制策略的制订可以贯彻试验效果的取向。本文为振动试验方法标准的使用者提供了制订振动试验控制策略的技术要素和背景资料。     

Spatial variability of organochlorine pesticides （DDTs and HCHs） in surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing, China

The spatial variability in the concentrations of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) in surface soils was studied on the basis of the analysis of 131 soil samples collected from the surface layer (0-20 cm depth) of the alluvial region of Beijing, China. The concentrations of total HCHs (including α-, β-, γ-, and δ-isomers) and total DDTs (i ncluding p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, and o,p'-DDT) in the surface soils tested were in the range from nondetectable to 31.72 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 0.91, and from nondetectable to 5910.83 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 32.13,respectively. It was observed that concentrations of HCHs in all soil samples and concentrations of DDTs in 112 soil samples were much lower than the first grade (50 μg/kg) permitted in "Environment quality standard for soils in China (GB15618-1995)". This suggests that the pollution due to organochlorine pesticides was generally not significant in the farmland soils in the Beijing alluvial region. In this study, the spatial distribution and trend of HCHs and DDTs were analyzed using Geostatistical Analyst and GS (513).Spatial distribution indicated how these pesticides had been applied in the past. Trend analysis showed that the concentrations of HCHs,DDTs, and their related metabolites followed an obvious distribution trend in the surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing.     

汽车塑料饰件电镀工艺及其性能检测

本文重点讲述了汽车塑料电镀工艺以及其可能存在的各种问题,进一步介绍了相关问题的解决方法.参照目前国际上各大整车厂的性能检测方法,论述了如何对汽车塑料电镀成品件进行性能测试来确定其质量.随着各国对环保要求的提高,希望我国汽车塑料电镀工艺能紧追和应用先进工艺,减少对环境的污染.     

论预防性环境民事公益诉讼中"重大风险"的司法认定

针对"具有损害社会公共利益重大风险的污染环境、破坏生态行为"提起的民事公益诉讼是为预防性环境民事公益诉讼,有助于将预防为主环保原则落实于诉讼程序.但在司法实践中,作为核心要素的"重大风险"仍存在内涵模糊、认定主体错位、认定路径不清等认定困境.为此,应逐一做以下完善:通过界定基础对象和划定程度要求,进而明确内涵;矫正认定主体,澄清法院是唯一决定性认定主体,但同时为行政机关和专家辅助认定设计制度渠道;最后,还应适宜地构建具体认定路径.     

地下水NH4+-15N同位素测试技术进展

本文根据铵离子的物理化学性质,建立了各种测试分析技术.传统的NH4+_-15N同位素测试过程包括样品中NH4+的收集、转化为适于质谱分析的气态N2以及用15N同位素质谱进行分析.其中NH:的收集方法较多,包括蒸馏法、扩散法、离子交换柱法和沸石萃取法等.适于质谱分析气态N2的转化方法可分为化学湿法和干燃烧法.笔者就同位素分析测试过程中NH4+的收集、转化及15N测试各个步骤加以总结,分析各自方法的优缺点和适用范围,寻求问题的解决途径.并评述了最近出现的色谱-质谱联合分析法和叠氮法.最后对地下水NH4+-15N同位素测试技术的发展进行了展望,以期能够更广泛地应用于环境和水文地质领域.     

能力验证的方案设计与实施综述

随着能力验证计划活动的广泛应用,能力验证活动的组织者在设计与实施能力验证计划方案过程中会遇到一些问题,本文试着从对一些共性问题进行分析及探讨,以期为今后的能力验证工作提供参考.     

Toxicity assessing for chlorpyrifos-contaminated soil with three different earthworm test methods

Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.