Second german heavy-metal survey by means of mosses,and comparison of the first and second approach in germany and other european countries

This paper shows the geographic distribution in Germany of iron (Fe), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) analyzed in mosses in 1995/96 and compares it with the results of the 1990/91 pilot study within a European moss-monitoring programme. Other elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ti, V, Zn) are compared on basis of the overall element medians for Germany of the 1990/91 and 1995/96 survey. Samples of Pleurozium schreberi, Scleropodium purum, Hypnum cupressiforme and Hylocomium splendens were taken at a total of 1026 sites. In the 1995/96 monitoring campaign, 95% of the original sites of the 1990/91 study were resampled. The results from 1995/96 display local elevated values and many cases of areas affected by known sources of heavy-metal emissions. The industrialized and urban regions of Germany are shown up clearly by the 1995/96 moss-monitoring results: the Ruhr area, parts of Saarland and Baden-Württemberg, as well as areas in eastern Germany. Relatively low values for many elements were found in large areas of Lower Saxony and Bavaria. A comparison of the results of the 1990/91 and 1995/96 moss-monitoring programmes shows a fall in the concentration of the presented elements (except cadmium, copper and zinc) over the relevant period. Especially in the former GDR, chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), titanium (Ti) and vanadium (V) decreased significantly. This is, firstly, a reflection of the closure of and/or technological improvements to large power plants; secondly it is due to the fact that lignite has given way to other fuels. Vanadium (V) and nickel (Ni), typical constituents of crude oil, also show a decrease in the western part and thus document changes in the type of fuel consumed. The significant fall in lead concentration in 1995/96 as compared to 1990/91 in what used to be East and West Germany probably results from the increasing use of lead-free petrol. A comparison of the median values for 1990/91 and 1995/96 in mosses to the rate of emission of heavy metals in Germany for 1990 and 1995 shows similar trends in the case of elements such as arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb). The comparison of the medians of the elements analyzed for 19 European countries indicates for most of the elements a general tendency to lower values in 1995, except for Lithuania, Netherlands, Portugal, Italy and United Kingdom.     

改善热轧降尘效率的雾化参数分析*

为提高热轧工作区的雾化降尘效率,研究尘雾颗粒碰撞相关理论,以热轧产生的氧化铁皮粉尘为研究对象,建立基于雾滴粒径、雾滴速度和液体流量多个雾化参数的降尘效率计算模型;分析单一雾化参数对降尘效率的影响;通过实验,测得不同气液压力组合下的雾化参数,运用响应曲面法,分析多个雾化参数耦合对降尘效率的影响。结果表明:降尘效率随着雾滴粒径的减小、液体流量增大而提高,雾滴速度对其影响不明显;多因素耦合时,通过调节气液压力组合来控制降尘效率,结合高温环境对雾滴存活时间的影响分析,当气压0.3 MPa、液压0.5 MPa时,粒径为21～27 μm的粉尘沉降效果最佳,降尘效率达到90%以上,可有效解决热轧车间粉尘污染问题。     

Kinetics of hexavalent chromium reduction by iron metal

The kinetics of Cr(VI) reduction to Cr(III) by metallic iron (Fe⁰) was studied in batch reactors for a range of reactant concentrations, pH and temperatures. Nearly 86.8% removal efficiency for Cr(VI) was achieved when Fe⁰ concentration was 6 g/L (using commercial iron powder (< 200 mesh) in 120 min). The reduction of hexavalent chromium took place on the surface of the iron particles following pseudo-first order kinetics. The rate of Cr(VI) reduction increased with increasing Fe⁰ addition and temperature but inversely with initial pH. The pseudo-first-order rate coefficients (k _obs) were determined as 0.0024, 0.010, 0.0268 and 0.062 8 min⁻¹ when iron powder dosages were 2, 6, 10 and 14 g/L at 25°C and pH 5.5, respectively. According to the Arrehenius equation, the apparent activation energy of 26.5 kJ/mol and pre-exponential factor of 3 330 min⁻¹ were obtained at the temperature range of 288–308 K. Different Fe⁰ types were compared in this study. The reactivity was in the order starch-stabilized Fe⁰ nanoparticles > Fe⁰ nanoparticles > Fe⁰ powder > Fe⁰ filings. Electrochemical analysis of the reaction process showed that Cr(III) and Fe(III) hydroxides should be the dominant final products.     

Fe2+EDTA络合-铁屑还原连续脱除烟气中NO

研究了铁屑塔式反应器连续脱除烟气中NO的过程,建立了该过程的数学模型,并对其主要影响因素进行了讨论.结果表明,铁屑塔式反应器可连续稳定地脱除烟气中NO,进气NO浓度的变化对脱硝效率没有影响,脱硝效率随烟气流量的增加而下降,随脱硝溶液流量和填料层高度的增加而增加.所建模型的计算值和实测值能够很好地吻合,该模型可用于预测脱硝过程参数对脱硝效率的影响.     

钢铁企业水系统实现节能减排的技术措施

很多钢铁企业面临着工业污水量远大于回用水量,处理后的工业污水因缺少用户只能外排而同时还需引入大量的工业新水的尴尬局面。节能减排不只是减少工业新水用水量和全部工业污水处理回用,更重要的是要实现工业污水排放量和回用水量之间的平衡。结合某钢铁公司的实际情况,就钢铁企业水系统实现节能减排的技术措施进行了探讨,作为工程实践的一种参考。     

零价铁对水中四氯化碳还原脱氯研究

文章研究了Fe0的纯度、粒径和投加量以及酸洗预处理对水溶液中四氯化碳的还原性脱氯作用的影响,并对其脱氯的主要产物——氯仿进行了讨论。结果表明:(1)Fe0纯度越高,粒径越小,四氯化碳的去除效果越好;(2)在实验范围内,Fe0投加量越大,四氯化碳的去除效率越高;(3)酸洗后,四氯化碳的去除效果明显的提高;(4)Fe0纯度、粒径和投加量以及酸洗处理对四氯化碳的还原产物氯仿亦具有一定的影响,四氯化碳的去除与氯仿的产生之间存在着一定的对应关系。     

包钢三合明铁矿开发对生态环境的影响

《包钢三合明铁矿区西部异常区矿产资源开发利用工程》是以地下采矿和湿法磁选选矿为生产工艺流程的建设项目,本文根据工程项目的特性、建设内容、生态影响识别,结合工程厂址周围环境特征,重点分析了工程建设期、运营期对周围生态环境的影响,并提出相应防治对策。     

刚果红的零价铁还原脱色条件及机理研究

零价铁使直接大红4BS还原脱色,其主要机理包括了电化学作用、铁粉的还原作用、铁离子的絮凝吸附作用、铁粉表面的物理吸附等。其中电化学还原与化学还原为主。当铁粉的投加量在2 g/50 ml、pH=3、摇床转速在140 rmp时,5 min内脱色率分别达到了100%、90%和80%以上。结果表明,通过改变染料的pH值、铁粉的投加量和摇床的转速都可以很好地提高脱色效果。     

Superior trichloroethylene removal from water by sulfide-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron/graphene aerogel composite

Sulfide-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron (S-nZVI) is a promising material for removal of organic pollutants from water, but S-nZVI nanoparticles (NPs) easily agglomerate and have poor contact with organic contaminants. Herein, we propose a new S-nZVI/graphene aerogel (S-nZVI/GA) composite which exhibits superior removal capability for trichloroethylene (TCE) from water. Three-dimensional porous graphene aerogel (GA) can improve the efficiency of electron transport, enhance the adsorption of organic pollutants and restrain the agglomeration of the core-shell S-nZVI NPs. The TCE removal rates of FeS, nZVI, GA and S-nZVI were 27.8%, 42%, 63% and 75% in 2?hr, respectively. Furthermore, TCE was completely removed within 50?min by S-nZVI/GA. The TCE removal rate increased with increasing pH and temperature, and TCE removal followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The results demonstrate the great potential of S-nZVI/GA composite as a low-cost, easily separated and superior monolithic adsorbent for removal of organic pollutants.     

外磁场调控的聚合硫酸铁水解过程研究

基于聚合硫酸铁的UV-vis光谱学特征,利用外加电磁场对聚合硫酸铁进行磁化调控,研究了不同磁化时间和磁场强度对PFS中铁形态分布的影响.研究表明,水解过程中铁盐逐渐与羟基结合,存在由低聚态向相对较高聚态转化的趋势.整体来看,在一定范围内增加磁化时间和磁场强度可以有效促进絮凝剂的水解,但是在多工艺参数调控中,提升磁场强度能够获得更为明显的效果.通过上述研究表明,借助UV-vis光谱学特征变化的分析,可有效判断PFS在水解过程中的水解进程及转化.在相同磁场强度下,磁化4~6min时,由低聚态向高聚态转化速率更快.而在控制磁化时间相同的情况下,增大磁场强度相应水解产物的转化速率也会提高1.9%~12.3%.该研究为设计适当的磁场强度获得更好的磁絮凝效果以及PFS絮凝工艺的调控提供更为科学有效的理论指导.