Geochemistry of Iron and Sulfur in the Zone of Microbial Sulfate Reduction in Mine Tailings

The cycling of iron and sulfur in mine tailings depends on various chemical and microbial reactions. The present study was undertaken in order to assess the role played by populations of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) on the fate of Fe and SO₄ ^2- in Cu–Zn and Au tailings. Samples were taken along a 50-cm deep profile at all sites and analyzed for SRB populations, solid-phase mineralogy and porewater geochemistry. Results indicated that the Cu–Zn tailings were highly oxidized near the surface, as shown by the very low pH, high redox potential, large concentrations of soluble Cu, Zn and sulfate in the porewaters, and the depletion of pyrite. On the other hand, Au tailings were more pH neutral, slightly anoxic, and showed low concentrations of Fe and SO₄ ^2- in the porewaters and very little pyrite oxidation. SRB populations in the Cu–Zn tailings increased with depth, just below the oxic/anoxic interface and were linked to a decline of sulfate and DOC concentrations around the same depths. However, large concentrations of dissolved Fe were also observed around the same depth intervals. Our results suggest that SRB could be involved in sulfate reduction in the Cu–Zn tailings, because the solubility of sulfate was not controlled by the precipitation of sulfate-rich minerals. However, the presence of soluble Fe in the reduced portion of the tailings was also indicative of the presence of iron reducing bacteria (IRB). These bacteria were not enumerated in the present study, but their co-occurrence with SRB has been reported in the past in similar mining environments. The decline of sulfate and the release of soluble iron into the porewaters were also paralleled by a pH increase and the generation of alkalinity. In the Au tailings, SRB populations were generally constant throughout the depth profile and could not be ascribed to sulfate reduction in the porewaters. The solubilities of sulfate and iron in these tailings were partially controlled by jarosite and Fe-oxide minerals. It is then clear that SRB populations could be recovered from various mining sites, but their activity cannot be ascertained based on microbial enumeration and geochemical data.     

中国钢铁工业循环经济发展现状及趋势

叙述了我国钢铁工业的产业政策,结构调整,环保与节能降耗,节水与三废治理以及推进清洁生产的基本状况,指出搞好循环经济是钢铁工业发展的必由之路.     

钢铁企业事故多发深层次原因的探讨

笔者采用冶金物理化学、炼铁学、炼钢学方法结合系统安全分析方法,现场调查、分析了钢铁企业的生产、安全现状;认为我国炼钢、炼铁企业,从规模、冶炼及连铸过程机理、防护层次等方面看,固有危险性高,且不次于化工行业。钢铁企业本身固有危险性大,生产、设备事故易导致安全事故,防护层次少,生产管理中过于依赖技术骨干的经验,一些企业安全设计存在某些问题,以及管理上的问题,都是钢铁企业事故多发的深层次原因。     

焦炉煤气的净化和有效利用途径

随着我国钢铁工业的发展，焦化行业进入到一个大发展时期。大量焦炉煤气的产生，为焦炉煤气的合理开发利用提出了新的课题。焦炉煤气的有效利用可产生巨大的经济效益，并且可避免环境污染和二次能源的浪费。     

Sodium Persulfate Oxidation for the Remediation of Chlorinated Solvents (USEPA Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program)

This study has been conducted at the University of Connecticut (UCONN) in connection with the USEPA Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) program to evaluate a chemical oxidation technology (sodium persulfate) developed at UCONN. A protocol to assess the efficacy of oxidation technologies has been used. This protocol, which consists of obtaining data from a treatability study, tested two in-situ chemical oxidation technologies that can be used on soil and groundwater at a site in Vernon, Connecticut. Based on the treatability report results and additional field data collected at the site, the design for the field implementation of the chemical oxidation remediation was completed. The results indicate that both sodium persulfate and potassium permanganate were able to effectively degrade the target VOCs (i.e., PCE, TCE and cis-DCE) in groundwater and soil-groundwater matrices. In the sodium persulfate tests (120 hrs), the extent of destruction of target VOCs was 74% for PCE, 86% for TCE and 84% for cis-DCE by Na₂S₂O₈ alone and 68% for PCE, 76% for TCE, and 69% for cis-DCE by Fe(II)-catalyzed Na₂S₂O₈. The results demonstrate the sodium persulfate's ability to degrade PCE, TCE and cis-DCE. It is expected that given sufficient dose and treatment time, a higher destruction rate of the dissolved phase contamination can be achieved. The data also indicates that the catalytic effect of the iron chelate on persulfate chemistry was much less pronounced in the soil-groundwater matrix. This indicates an interaction between the iron chelate solution and the soil, which may have resulted in a lower availability of the chelated iron for catalysis. The study showed that the remediation of the VOCs-contaminated soil and groundwater by in-situ chemical oxidation using sodium persulfate is feasible at the Roosevelt Mills site. As a result, the USEPA SITE program will evaluate this technology at this site.     

铁细菌在水处理方面的应用及影响其生长的因素

随着人们对铁细菌认识的突破，其应用也发生了巨大的变化。本文主要介绍了铁细菌在水处理方面的两个主要应用方向——酸性矿山废水的处理和城市用水的处理。同时综述了影响铁细菌生长的几个主要因素。     

浅谈洛阳首阳山电厂的清洁生产审核

首阳山电厂开展了清洁生产审核工作,确定将电厂煤场整改和从电厂二期粉煤灰粗灰中回收铁作为第一轮清洁生产审计的重点,通过开展清洁生产,实现经济效益和环境效益的双丰收.     

连续微滤用于钢铁厂废水处理的生产性测试

采用国产连续微滤膜(CFM)系统对多源进水条件下钢铁污水处理厂生物处理出水进行深度处理,通过现场实测其进出水水质和性能参数,分析了该系统对钢铁废水生化二级出水的水质处理效果及其运行状况,结果表明:连续微滤膜(CFM)系统运行稳定,具有较强的耐污能力,对水中COD平均去除率约为19.6%,SS平均去除率约为72.7%,总氮和总磷的去除率随进水水质变化波动较大,通过该系统膜的截留作用可有效去除水中COD、悬浮物、胶体和有机颗粒,能够使水质满足多用途回用和反渗透预处理要求。河流划分为容量型、点源污染型、农业面源型和混合型等四种类型。建议对不同类型河流应采取不同控制对策,点面结合,综合防治。系统每3～5周左右进行化学反洗后,膜通量与跨膜压差等膜性能参数可基本恢复至起始水平。     

碱性处理铬离子废水的铁屑内电解法的研究与应用

采用电极电位理论描述了铁屑分别在酸性和碱性电解质溶液中形成原电池的原理,指出了在碱性条件下,Fe2＋和Cr6＋之间同样也可以发生氧化-还原反应。在铁屑内电解法处理碱性含铬废水时,处理前后可以不加任何酸、碱药剂,以彩色显像管厂含铬废水为例进行了试验,取得了满意的结果。     

铁促双电极电化学氧化处理丙烯腈生产废水的研究

采用钛基二氧化锡(Ti/SnO₂)和金属铁构成组合阳极,并以石墨为阴极,研究了铁促双电极电化学氧化处理丙烯腈生产废水的效果及反应过程的相关规律.结果表明,与传统电化学氧化相比,采用组合阳极的双电极氧化过程获得了更高的有机物去除率并提高了电流效率.在相同电压下,当不外加H₂O₂时,COD去除率比采用传统电化学氧化提高11.0%～13.8%,电流效率提高8.0%～15.0%,而当外加H₂O₂浓度为2 200　mg·L^-1,且电压为4.0V时,COD去除率达74.6%, TOC去除率达67.9%.随着外加H₂O₂浓度的增加,COD和TOC去除率增加.反应初始阶段H₂O₂浓度较高而Fe²⁺浓度很低,随反应时间延长H₂O₂浓度迅速下降而Fe²⁺浓度则逐渐升高.反应过程中H₂O₂与Fe²⁺浓度变化速率与电压密切相关. H₂O₂初始浓度一定的情况下,阳极通电时间对电流效率影响显著.双电极电化学氧化对丙烯腈生产废水色度也具有良好的去除作用.铁促双电极电化学氧化为有机废水的处理提供了一个新的选择.