BiPO_4-BiVO_4复合光催化剂的制备及其光催化性能

采用水热法制备了BiPO_4-BiVO_4复合光催化剂,运用XRD,SEM,UV-Vis DRS技术对其进行了表征,并以亚甲基蓝为目标降解物考察了复合光催化剂在模拟太阳光下的光催化性能。实验结果表明:当BiPO_4与BiVO_4的摩尔比(磷钒比)为2∶8时BiPO_4-BiVO_4的光催化性能最优,光照180 min时对亚甲基蓝(初始质量浓度5mg/L)的降解率达96.20%,反应速率常数为0.018 1 min-1,明显优于单纯BiPO_4和BiVO_4。表征结果显示:单斜相的BiPO_4与BiVO_4晶粒实现了复合生长,BiPO_4-BiVO_4(磷钒比2∶8)的晶粒粒径比单纯BiPO_4和BiVO_4小;复合光催化剂在紫外光和可见光区均具有较好的光响应,且其禁带宽度较BiPO_4明显减小。     

秸秆生物质炭的制备及吸附性能研究

将麦秆、向日葵秆和玉米秆低温热解制备生物质炭。采用傅里叶红外光谱、X射线衍射等仪器对其结构进行了表征。研究了热解温度、溶液p H值、初始浓度、吸附时间以及吸附剂用量等因素对各生物质炭吸附亚甲基蓝效果的影响。实验结果表明,3种生物质炭均含有多孔的微晶炭,表面存在大量的活性-OH,-COOH等基团,对亚甲基蓝有较强的吸附作用;在最佳吸附条件下,玉米秆炭、向日葵秆炭以及麦秆炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附容量分别为26.6,26.2,14.7 mg/g。     

可见光响应Pr3+:Y2SiO5/ TiO2薄膜的制备

目的研究层涂法制备Pr~(3+):Y_2SiO_5/TiO_2复合薄膜的结构与可见光催化性能。方法分别以钛酸丁酯(TBOT)和正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为前驱体,通过溶胶-凝胶法制得TiO_2凝胶和Pr掺杂的Y_2SiO_5凝胶,以碳纤维为薄膜载体,并通过浸渍提拉法制备Pr~(3+):Y_2SiO_5/TiO_2层涂薄膜,研究层涂法制备复合薄膜对复合薄膜结构、形貌以及光催化效果的影响。结果复合薄膜具有明显的分层界限,形貌较平整,有较少龟裂;复合薄膜性能受涂覆次序的影响较大。结论依次将Pr~(3+):Y_2SiO_5和TiO_2涂覆在碳纤维上的复合薄膜具有较好的光催化性能,可见光光照2 h,对亚甲基蓝的脱色率达到94%,其可见光催化效率高于TiO_2薄膜的59%。     

Degradation of Carbofuran in Water by Solar Photocatalysis in Presence of Photosensitizers

The effect of the presence of photosensitizers, methylene blue (MB) and rose Bengal (RB), on the degradation of carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate) in water in a solar photocatalytic system was investigated. It was found that as compared to MB, RB generally showed a stronger effect on the decomposition of carbofuran under comparable conditions. Among the conditions studied, adding 2 × 10^?6 M of RB, that corresponding to 2% of the initial concentration of carbofuran solution in the system, rendered the most effective degradation of carbofuran. As a result, a carbofuran removal percentage of 69.9%, a mineralization efficiency of 28.0%, and a microtoxicity reduction of 65.0% could be achieved. The degradation and mineralization of carbofuran was found to follow the pseudo-first order reaction kinetics. The decomposition mechanism of carbofuran was further investigated through identification of the intermediates to elaborate the influence of dye photosensitizer on the solar photocatalysis of carbofuran in water. On the basis of the intermediates identified, including carbofuran phenol, 3-hydroxy carbofuran phenol, and substituted alcohols (3-phenoxy 1-propanol, 2-ethyl 1-hexanol, 2-butoxyl ethanol), it appears that hydrolysis and hydroxylation were the two key mechanisms for decomposing carbofuran during the process of solar photocatalysis with the aid of dye photosensitizer.     

碳纳米管负载纳米四氧化三铁多相类芬顿降解亚甲基蓝

在课题组前期研究的基础上,以碳纳米管(MWCNTs)为载体制备了Fe3O4/MWCNTs复合物并作为催化剂,以染料亚甲基蓝(MB)为降解对象,研究了该催化剂催化H2O2对亚甲基蓝溶液的降解特性及其影响因素,并考察了催化剂的重复使用效果,探讨了催化反应的机理.结果表明,在pH值3~8的范围内,催化反应体系都能有效降解MB,最佳pH值为3.5.随着催化剂投量的增加,MB的降解率明显提高,500 mg·L-1催化剂投量条件下,MB的降解率最高.随着H2O2初始浓度的增加,MB的降解率增加,10 mmol·L-1时MB的降解率最高.溶液中共存的阴离子会降低MB的降解率.在最佳条件,即温度25℃、H2O2浓度10 mmol·L-1、催化剂浓度500 mg·L-1的条件下,0.20 mmol·L-1MB在30 min内的降解率达到99.1%.催化剂重复使用后仍然具有较好的催化活性,说明Fe3O4在MWCNTs表面负载比较牢固,催化剂具有反复使用的能力.催化反应机理是催化剂催化H2O2产生羟基自由基,高活性的羟基自由基氧化MB.     

“绿水”的多角度评估及其管理研究

传统的水资源评估和管理忽视了在粮食生产和维护生态系统等方面都具有重要作用的"绿水".本文引入绿水概念,并针对现有绿水评估研究中缺乏小尺度评估方法研究等问题,以碧流河上游地区为例,使用SWAT水文模型在小尺度建立了多角度评估绿水(包括绿水流和绿水贮存)的方法.并使用此方法估算得到了绿水量,绿水时空分布规律以及气候变化条件下绿水的响应规律,研究了引入绿水概念后传统水资源管理的重要革新内容.研究结果表明,使用SWAT水文模型评估流域绿水,是引入绿水概念后进行小尺度绿水评估的有效办法,值得在中国推广使用.绿水评估结果对水资源管理有重要的指导作用.绿水概念的引入为水资源的管理与决策提供了新的思路和更加科学的办法.     

Metal Concentrations, Foraging Distances, and Fledging Success of Great Blue Herons Nesting along the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River

An ecological risk assessment of the spatial distribution of metal concentrations along the Hanford Reach of the free-flowing Columbia River in southcentral Washington, identified great blue herons, Ardea herodias, at potential risk through the ingestion of contaminated riverine biota, especially fish. We measured metal concentrations in livers of pre-flight herons from the Hanford Reach and excrement samples taken from the same nests. Nests were distributed among three colonies situated upstream and downstream from nine retired plutonium production reactors along the river where metals in reactor coolant waters had been released directly into the river or disposed to shoreline retention basins and ditches. Distances traveled by parent herons to foraging areas along the river shore were determined by visually tracking parent birds as they flew from nests to upriver and downriver foraging sites. Foraging flight distances varied between colonies with mean distances ranging between 0.7 and 3.1 km. Cadmium, Cr, and Pb concentrations were higher in excrement than in the livers of pre-flight herons but the opposite was noted for Cu, Hg, and Zn. Highest metal concentrations of Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, were measured in excrement taken from heron nests at the colony located upstream from all reactors. These results were consistent with metal concentrations reported in river sediment from the same regions, indicating excrement from the heron nests may be a useful indicator of dietary uptake of metals by herons. Fledging success and eggshell thickness measurements were used as an index of health of the local heron population. The results indicate that the reproductive health of great blue herons nesting along the Hanford Reach is among the highest reported in the continental United States.     

青霉菌X5对活性艳蓝KN-R脱色研究

采用梯度平板筛选法，从染布厂废水池污泥中分离到一株对蒽醌染料KN－R有较强脱色能力的青霉菌X5（Penicillium sp.)，并考察该菌在不同温度，pH，培养时间，染料浓度，菌量及不同碳源氮源条件下对活性艳蓝KN－R的脱色情况，结果表明,在20－40℃温度范围内该菌对活性艳蓝KN－R的脱色率均在95％以上，其最佳脱色温度为25℃，pH为4．0，培养时间为48h，染料浓度，菌量对染料脱色有一定影响，该菌对碳源、氮源具有较宽适应范围，在最佳条件下，该菌对染料的脱色率达99．3％。     

The Effect of Military Training Activity on Eastern Lupine and the Karner Blue Butterfly at Fort McCoy,Wisconsin, USA

The US Department of Defense (DOD) manages over 10.1 million ha of land, much of which is used for training military personnel. However, vast sections receive little or no use, and military lands have become refuges for many species. At Fort McCoy, Wisconsin, USA, populations of the endangered Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) are found in oak and pine barren communities where wild lupine (Lupinus perennis), a perennial forb required by Karner blue butterfly larvae, still occurs. Oak and pine barren communities are disturbance-dependent, and the barrens ecosystems in the Midwest have declined in extent by 98% because of fire suppression, succession, and habitat fragmentation. We studied the effects of disturbance by military manuever training on the density of lupine and Karner blue butterfly at Fort McCoy. We also wanted to determine whether military training activity could enhance Karner blue butterfly habitat. At locations where tracked vehicles had driven through lupine patches, the abundance of lupine and nectar-producing plants was greater in the median strip between vehicle ruts than in vehicle ruts or 5 m outside the vehicle ruts. The proportion of lupine stems with Karner blue butterfly larvae feeding sign (the ratio of stems fed upon to stems examined) was greater in areas where military vehicles had traveled than where they had not. The proportion of lupine stems with feeding sign and lupine stem density was also positively related to the occurrence of prior bivouacs and fires caused by military munitions. Shrub and forest canopy abundance were lower in areas traveled by tracked vehicles. At the scale of the lupine patch, lupine abundance and the proportion of lupine stems with feeding sign were positively correlated with military training activities, suggesting that maintenance of lupine habitat can be achieved in concert with military training.     

砷锑钼蓝分光光度法快速测定水和废水中的微量砷

研究了砷锑钼三元杂多酸的形成条件及其还原产物的光度性质。结果表明：显色体系呈大吸收位于８６５ｕｍ处,ε＇（８６５）＝２．１×１０４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ（－１）·ｃｍ（－１）。在室温下能稳定２４ｈ。砷量在０—４０μｇ／１０ｍｌ遵守比尔定律,ｒ＝０．９９９１。用丘氏定砷器使砷呈ＡｓＨ３逸出分离。