北疆地区近53年极端气温事件及其影响因素分析

根据北疆地区1960—2012年31个气象站点的逐日最高气温和最低气温资料,采用线性趋势分析、主成分分析和反距离加权等方法对该地区的年平均最高气温、年平均最低气温和14个极端气温指数的时空变化特征进行了研究,并探讨了各极端气温指数与北极涛动指数、北大西洋涛动指数和厄尔尼诺-南方涛动之间的关系。研究表明:(1)近53年来,北疆地区年平均最低气温、年平均最高气温分别以0.49℃·(10a)~(-1)、0.22℃·(10a)~(-1)的年际倾向率呈显著的上升趋势;气温日较差以0.27℃·(10a)~(-1)的年际倾向率呈显著下降趋势。极端暖指数除暖昼日数、夏日日数和极端最高气温均表现为不显著的上升趋势外,其他暖指数均呈显著上升趋势;极端冷指数中除极端最低气温、日最高气温的极小值呈上升趋势外,其他冷指数均呈减小趋势;在空间变化上各极端气温指数均表现为在阿尔泰山东南部地区和伊犁河谷地区变化幅度较大,其他地区变化较小。(2)冷指数(冷夜、日最高气温的极小值、极端最低气温)的增温幅度明显大于部分暖指数(暖夜、日最低气温极大值、极端最高气温),这一变化特征在山麓、山谷等地区表现最为明显,而在这一地区夜指数(暖夜、冷夜)的变暖幅度也明显大于昼指数(暖昼、冷昼)。(3)极端气温指数与大气环流指数相关性分析表明,三种大气环流指数中北极涛动指数对北疆地区极端气温的影响最为明显,其次是北大西洋涛动指数,且这两种大气环流指数对研究区极端气温冷指数的影响较为显著,而厄尔尼诺-南方涛动对研究区极端气温影响较小。     

地下水循环井技术修复硝基苯污染含水层效果模拟

实验在二维模拟槽中进行,以曝气前后地下水水位高度变化表征地下水循环强度,分析了地下水初始水位,曝气量和地下水初始流速对循环井运行的影响,并以得到的最佳运行参数进行硝基苯污染地下水修复效果模拟.结果表明,地下水初始水位45 cm,曝气量0.7 m3·h-1,地下水初始流速低于1.0 m·d-1时,循环井可以达到良好运行状态.硝基苯在地下水中的纵向迁移距离明显大于横向,泄漏第50 d时,平均浓度达到246.97 mg·L-1.循环井修复过程中,逐渐形成一个以循环井为中心的有机物高效修复区域.该区域内有机物被优先去除,浓度持续下降.高效修复区域外,存在过渡区域,该区域内有机物的浓度受有机物吸附/解吸和迁移性共同作用影响.整个修复过程中,硝基苯的浓度经历了快速下降-缓慢下降-浓度拖尾3个阶段,累计曝气14 h后,硝基苯的平均浓度下降至71.19 mg·L-1,残留的硝基苯分布在远离循环井的区域.由此可见,地下水循环井技术能够较好地修复硝基苯污染的地下水,修复过程存在最佳运行条件及最适修复时间.     

成渝地区空气重污染天气形势分析

利用Lamb-Jenkinson客观环流分型法,对成渝地区及4个子区域2014—2018年高度场和海平面气压场进行了环流分型,并探讨了环流型与空气污染的关系.结果表明,成渝地区海平面气压场的最高频率环流型为东北气流型(NE),850 hPa上为高压型(A),500 hPa上为平直西风气流型(W).综合来看,成渝地区易发生污染天气形势是:高空500 hPa为平直西风(W),地面和850 hPa上为低压(C)或东南气流型(SE);易出现优良天气的环流形势是:高空500 hPa为平直西风(W),地面和850 hPa上为高压(A)或东北气流型(NE).对个例进行分析后发现,当地面为气旋或东南气流,同时风速较小时,不利于污染物的水平扩散;若高空为弱脊控制或者为槽后西北气流,则在下沉气流的作用下,不利于污染的垂直扩散,地面污染进一步加重.     

促进循环经济发展的税收政策

循环经济是一种全新的经济模式,它关注的是资源减量、循环及再利用的问题。介绍了国外发展循环经济所采取的税收政策,指出我国目前在该领域所存在的问题,并根据我国的实际情况,提出了促进发展循环经济的税收政策,包括:完善现有税种,开征环境保护税,建立“绿色关税”体系,尽早开征燃油税,制定激励机制,开征社会保障税。     

A novel wind speed forecasting model for wind farms of Northwest China

Wind resources are becoming increasingly significant due to their clean and renewable characteristics, and the integration of wind power into existing electricity systems is imminent. To maintain a stable power supply system that takes into account the stochastic nature of wind speed, accurate wind speed forecasting is pivotal. However, no single model can be applied to all cases. Recent studies show that wind speed forecasting errors are approximately 25% to 40% in Chinese wind farms. Presently, hybrid wind speed forecasting models are widely used and have been verified to perform better than conventional single forecasting models, not only in short-term wind speed forecasting but also in long-term forecasting. In this paper, a hybrid forecasting model is developed, the Similar Coefficient Sum (SCS) and Hermite Interpolation are exploited to process the original wind speed data, and the SVM model whose parameters are tuned by an artificial intelligence model is built to make forecast. The results of case studies show that the MAPE value of the hybrid model varies from 22.96% to 28.87 %, and the MAE value varies from 0.47 m/s to 1.30 m/s. Generally, Sign test, Wilcoxon’s Signed-Rank test, and Morgan--Granger--Newbold test tell us that the proposed model is different from the compared models.     

厦门海陆风环流特征与环境空气质量影响研究

根据气象观测资料,研究本市海陆风特征及其变化过程.结果表明,海陆风环流方向产生较大变化,环流途径由1986年的台湾海峡→厦门岛→工业区→厦门西海域→台湾海峡,转变为2013年的台湾海峡→厦门岛→工业区→鼓浪屿→厦门岛→台湾海峡.统计了1989年-2015年鼓浪屿测点SO2、NO2、PM10浓度占市区平均浓度的比例,结果发现该比例随环流途径的变化而不断升高,海陆风环流特征的变化使得鼓浪屿环境空气质量受工业污染影响的程度加大,治理工业污染对改善鼓浪屿环境空气质量具有重要意义.     

轨道尺度下东亚夏季风降水的北方主导演变模态

众多古气候记录的分析表明：轨道尺度气候变化下我国北方地区的季风降水变化显著,该现象的理解对于深入认识东亚夏季风降水的长期演变模态具有重要意义。本文基于瞬变古气候模拟的分析发现：在轨道尺度气候变化下,东亚夏季风降水的变化中心位于季风区北边界附近的半干旱区,是季风环流整体性演变及季风区北边界摆动的综合作用结果。东亚夏季风降水的轨道尺度演变模态与古气候记录的指示相一致,但与当前观测记录给出的以年际尺度变化为主的模态显著不同,说明东亚夏季风降水对气候变化的响应与气候变化的时间尺度有关。进一步的分析表明：轨道尺度气候变化下东亚夏季风北方降水的响应幅度取决于气候变化的驱动因素,其中轨道辐射的影响最为显著。     

宁夏40年灾害性冰雹天气分析

利用1961-2000年5-9月常规地面观测资料及相应时段的NCEP／NCAR逐日全球再分析资料，分析了宁夏灾害性冰雹天气的时空分布和环流特征，然后对74次有灾情记录的冰雹天气过程的环流背景、影响系统等进行了合成对比分析。结果表明：宁夏冰雹主要分布在南部六盘山区和北部贺兰山区，集中出现在6-7月；冰雹发生于“西高东低”环流背景下；产生冰雹天气主要有平直气流、两槽一脊、一槽一脊和一脊一槽等4种环流形势；影响系统主要有切变线、低涡和冷槽，这几种系统往往是共同作用、共同影响的；同时也表明，在不同的环流背景下，不同影响系统造成的冰雹天气落区有较大的差异。     

Assessment of Alternative Methods for Statistically Downscaling Daily GCM Precipitation Outputs to Simulate Regional Streamflow

This study applied three statistical downscaling methods: (1) bias correction and spatial disaggregation at daily time scale (BCSD_daily); (2) a modified version of BCSD which reverses the order of spatial disaggregation and bias correction (SDBC), and (3) the bias correction and stochastic analog method (BCSA) to downscale general circulation model daily precipitation outputs to the subbasin scale for west‐central Florida. Each downscaled climate input dataset was then used in an integrated hydrologic model to examine differences in ability to simulate retrospective streamflow characteristics. Results showed the BCSD_daily method consistently underestimated mean streamflow because the highly spatially correlated small precipitation events produced by this method resulted in overestimation of evapotranspiration. Highly spatially correlated large precipitation events produced by the SDBC method resulted in overestimation of the standard deviation of wet season daily streamflow and the magnitude/frequency of high streamflow events. BCSA showed better performance than the other methods in reproducing spatiotemporal statistics of daily precipitation and streamflow. This study demonstrated differences in statistical downscaling techniques propagate into significant differences in streamflow predictions, and underscores the need to carefully select a downscaling method that reproduces precipitation characteristics important for the hydrologic system under consideration.     

Climate change induced eutrophication of cold-water lake in an ecologically fragile nature reserve

Aquatic ecosystem sustainability around the globe is facing crucial challenges because of increasing anthropogenic and natural disturbances. In this study, the Tianchi Lake, a typical cold-water lake and a UNESCO/MAB(Man and Biosphere) nature reserve located in high latitude and elevation with the relatively low intensity of human activity was chosen as a system to examine the linkages between climate change and eutrophication. As a part of the UNESCO Bogda Man and Biosphere Reserve, Tianchi Lake has been well preserved for prevention from human intervention, but why has it been infected with eutrophication recent years? Our results show that climate change played a significant role in the eutrophication in the Tianchi Lake. Increased temperature, changed precipitation pattern and wind-induced hydrodynamic fluctuations in the summer season were suggested to make a major contribution to the accelerated eutrophication. The results also showed that the local temperature and precipitation changes were closely linked to the large-scale atmospheric circulation, which opens the door for the method to be applied in other regions without local climatic information. This study suggests that there is an urgent need to take into consideration of climate change adaptation into the conservation and management of cold-water lakes globally.