2006年1-2月国内环境事件

简要统计了2006年1-2月国内发生的各种环境事件59起,包括沙尘天气2起,污染事件33起,地震7起,山体滑坡和泥石流3起,以及其他自然灾害14起.最后对环境污染进行了讨论.     

2006年7-8月国内环境事件

简要统计了2006年7-8月国内发生的各种环境事件218起,包括污染事件46起,地震20起,山体滑坡和泥石流41起,虫害12起,旱灾10起,以及其他自然灾害89起.对污染和自然灾害进行了讨论.     

2005年5-6月国内环境事件数据

简要统计了2005年5-6月国内发生的各种环境事件220起,包括沙尘天气13起,污染事件46起,山体滑坡和泥石流38起,地震2起,虫害11起,旱灾13起以及其他自然灾害97起.最后对统计结果进行了讨论.     

2005年9-10月国内环境事件数据

简要统计了2005年9-10月国内发生的各种环境事件73起,包括沙尘天气1起,污染事件28起,地震8起,虫害2起,山体滑坡和泥石流15起,以及其他自然灾害19起.最后对统计结果进行了讨论.     

极限平衡区顶煤自燃三维非均质动态数值模拟

为探究极限平衡区内顶煤自燃规律,利用Fluent软件对顶煤自燃进行数值模拟研究。通过对顶煤移动变形及自燃特点的分析,确定顶煤自燃过程的模拟为三维非均质动态模拟,并建立数学模型,给出相关参数及边界条件的确定方法。以恒大矿某工作面为例,对其顶煤的自燃过程进行数值模拟,并分析工作面风量及煤体耗氧速度与自然发火期之间的关系。结果表明:对计算区域进行模拟所得到的速度场、氧浓度场及温度场与现场观测结果及理论结果比较吻合;工作面风量对煤体自然发火期影响较小,而对高温区域中心点位置影响较大;煤体耗氧速率与自然发火期近似成负指数函数关系。     

2011年11-12月国内环境事件

简要统计了2011年11—12月国内发生的各种环境事件98起,包括沙尘天气2起,污染事件20起,地震48起,山体滑坡和泥石流13起,旱灾2起以及其他自然灾害13起。     

安全统计学的创建及其研究

基于安全科学、系统科学和统计学原理,提出安全统计学定义,并分析其内涵。从统计研究的侧重点、安全系统统计范围、典型行业安全统计、具体统计对象和统计指标等方面构建安全统计学的分支体系,并阐述各分支体系主要研究内容。通过对安全统计学的研究方法和分析方法的比较,得出不同方法的优缺点和适用性。最后,就行业安全统计学、伤亡事故统计学、自然灾害统计学、职业健康安全统计学、安全经济统计学和安全社会统计学进行实践研究,阐述安全统计学的研究内容及发展方向。     

The Regionalization of National‐Scale SPARROW Models for Stream Nutrients1

Schwarz, Gregory E., Richard B. Alexander, Richard A. Smith, and Stephen D. Preston, 2011. The Regionalization of National‐Scale SPARROW Models for Stream Nutrients. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(5):1151‐1172. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00581.x Abstract: This analysis modifies the parsimonious specification of recently published total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) national‐scale SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes models to allow each model coefficient to vary geographically among three major river basins of the conterminous United States. Regionalization of the national models reduces the standard errors in the prediction of TN and TP loads, expressed as a percentage of the predicted load, by about 6 and 7%. We develop and apply a method for combining national‐scale and regional‐scale information to estimate a hybrid model that imposes cross‐region constraints that limit regional variation in model coefficients, effectively reducing the number of free model parameters as compared to a collection of independent regional models. The hybrid TN and TP regional models have improved model fit relative to the respective national models, reducing the standard error in the prediction of loads, expressed as a percentage of load, by about 5 and 4%. Only 19% of the TN hybrid model coefficients and just 2% of the TP hybrid model coefficients show evidence of substantial regional specificity (more than ±100% deviation from the national model estimate). The hybrid models have much greater precision in the estimated coefficients than do the unconstrained regional models, demonstrating the efficacy of pooling information across regions to improve regional models.     

Stationarity of Streamflow Records and Their Influence on Bankfull Regional Curves1

Haucke, Jessica and Katherine A. Clancy, 2011. Stationarity of Streamflow Records and Their Influence on Bankfull Regional Curves. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(6):1338–1347. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00590.x Abstract: Bankfull regional curves, which are curves that establish relationships among channel morphology, discharge, drainage area, are used extensively for stream restoration. These curves are developed upon the assumption that streamflows maintain stationarity over the entire record. We examined this assumption in the Driftless Area of southwestern Wisconsin where agricultural soil retention practices have changed, and precipitation has increased since the 1970s. We developed a bankfull regional curve for this area using field surveys of bankfull channel performed during 2008‐2009 and annual series of peak streamflows for 10 rivers with streamflow records ranging from the 1930s to 2009. We found bankfull flows to correlate to a 1.1 return period. To evaluate gage data statistics, we used the sign test to compare our channel morphology to historic 1.5 return period discharge (Q_1.5) for five time periods: 1959‐1972, 1973‐1992, 1993‐2008, 1999‐2008, and the 1959‐2008 period of record. Analysis of the historic gage data indicated that there has been a more than 30% decline in Q_1.5 since 1959. Our research suggests that land conservation practices may have a larger impact on gaging station stationarity than annual precipitation changes do. Additionally, historic peak flow data from gages, which have records that span land conservation changes, may need to be truncated to represent current flow regimes.     

The Impacts of Water Conservation Strategies on Water Use: Four Case Studies1

Tsai, Yushiou, Sara Cohen, and Richard M. Vogel, 2011. The Impacts of Water Conservation Strategies on Water Use: Four Case Studies. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):687‐701. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00534.x Abstract: We assessed impacts on water use achieved by implementation of controlled experiments relating to four water conservation strategies in four towns within the Ipswich watershed in Massachusetts. The strategies included (1) installation of weather‐sensitive irrigation controller switches (WSICS) in residences and municipal athletic fields; (2) installation of rainwater harvesting systems in residences; (3) two outreach programs: (a) free home indoor water use audits and water fixture retrofit kits and (b) rebates for low‐water‐demand toilets and washing machines; and (4) soil amendments to improve soil moisture retention at a municipal athletic field. The goals of this study are to summarize the effectiveness of the four water conservation strategies and to introduce nonparametric statistical methods for evaluating the effectiveness of these conservation strategies in reducing water use. It was found that (1) the municipal WSICS significantly reduced water use; (2) residences with high irrigation demand were more likely than low water users to experience a substantial demand decrease when equipped with the WSICS; (3) rainwater harvesting provided substantial rainwater use, but these volumes were small relative to total domestic water use and relative to the natural fluctuations in domestic water use; (4) both the audits/retrofit and rebate programs resulted in significant water savings; and (5) a modeling approach showed potential water savings from soil amendments in ball fields.