活性污泥生物除磷数学模型研究进展

概述了活性污泥生物除磷过程的Comeau／Wentzel模式和Mino模式，以及以Wentzel和Smolders为代表的两类生物除磷数学模型，提出结合Smolders模型与ASM2、ASM2D模型的优点建立结构完整、参数较少、辨识简单的模型，是生物除磷数学模型发展的方向。     

基于企业用电数据的大气污染防治工作研究进展

当前,我国处于“十四五”的关键发展时期,对于污染防治工作提出了“精准治污、科学治污、依法治污”的新要求。电力能源是企业的战略资源和核心生产要素,企业用电数据能够反映企业的经济运行、产业运转情况,具有非常大的数据挖掘价值,在大气污染防治领域的应用前景广阔。综述了目前国内外基于企业用电数据的企业污染排放模型构建、“散乱污”与“偷排漏排”企业识别监管、特别管控期间污染排放监管与评估及精细化大气污染源排放清单构建等方面的研究现状。结果表明：运用企业用电数据,能够实现对企业（尤其是小、微企业）污染物排放的精准监管,一定程度上弥补了环保监管在这方面的不足,极大提高了工作效率。总结了电力大数据在大气污染防治应用中需要注意的问题,并对后续电力数据在大气污染防治领域的深层次应用提出了建议。

     

WATER QUALITY TRENDS AT INFLOWS TO EVERGLADES NATIONAL PARK1

ABSTRACT: Water quality data collected at inflows to Everglades National Park (ENP) are analyzed for trends using the seasonal Kendall test (Hirsch et al., 1982; Hirsch and Slack, 1984). The period of record is 1977–1989 for inflows to Shark River Slough and 1983–1989 for inflows to Taylor Slough and ENP's Coastal Basin. The analysis considers 20 water quality components, including nutrients, field measurements, inorganic species, and optical properties. Significant (p<0.10) increasing trends in total phosphorus concentration are indicated at eight out of nine stations examined. When the data are adjusted to account for variations in antecedent rainfall and water surface elevation, increasing trends are indicated at seven out of nine stations. Phosphorus trend magnitudes range from 4 percent/year to 21 percent/year Decreasing trends in the Total N/P ratio are detected at seven out of nine stations. N/P trend magnitudes range from -7 percent/year to -15 percent/year. Trends in water quality components other than nutrients are observed less frequently and are of less importance from a water-quality-management perspective. The apparent nutrient trends are not explained by variations in marsh water elevation, antecedent rainfall, flow, or season.     

IMPROVING REGIONAL-MODEL ESTIMATES OF URBAN-RUNOFF QUALITY USING LOCAL DATA1

ABSTRACT: Urban water-quality managers need load estimates of storm-runoff pollutants to design effective remedial programs. Estimates are commonly made using published models calibrated to large regions of the country. This paper presents statistical methods, termed model-adjustment procedures (MAPs), which use a combination of local data and published regional models to improve estimates of urban-runoff quality. Each MAP is a form of regression analysis that uses a local data base as a calibration data set to adjust the regional model, in effect increasing the size of the local data base without additional, expensive data collection. The adjusted regional model can then be used to estimate storm-runoff quality at unmonitored sites and storms in the locality. The four MAPs presented in this study are (1) single-factor regression against the regional model prediction, P_u; (2) least-squares regression against P_u; (3) least-squares regression against P_u and additional local variables; and (4) weighted combination of P_u and a local-regression prediction. Identification of the statistically most valid method among these four depends upon characteristics of the local data base. A MAP-selection scheme based on statistical analysis of the calibration data set is presented and tested.     

MODELING MULTIPLE-USE IN NATURAL AREAS: PART 1 - THE BASIC FORMULATION1

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a mathematical model of multiple-use in natural areas. The model represents a unified system for the assessment of cases where some form of development is proposed for relatively natural areas. The focus of the model system is a benefit-cost analysis. Provisions for the full consideration of easily measured monetary costs and benefits as well as semitangible benefits accruing from environment-related activities such as outdoor recreation are contained in the model. Means for incorporating desirability as a measure of aesthetics, uniqueness, and environmental quality into the evaluation are provided. Serveral types of constraints have been imposed on the system to increase model realism. A family of compatibility constraints was designed to limit inter-use conflicts arising from incompatible activities. A form of the gradient optimization algorithm was utilized to facilitate the evaluation. The model system has application in a wide range of problems frequently encountered in environmental planning and assessment as well as natural resources management.     

CONTINENTAL SCALE SIMULATION OF THE HYDROLOGIC BALANCE1

This paper describes the application of a continuous daily water balance model called SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) for the conterminous U.S. The local water balance is represented by four control volumes; (1) snow, (2) soil profile, (3) shallow aquifer, and (4) deep aquifer. The components of the water balance are simulated using “storage” models and readily available input parameters. All the required databases (soils, landuse, and topography) were assembled for the conterminous U.S. at 1:250,000 scale. A GIS interface was utilized to automate the assembly of the model input files from map layers and relational databases. The hydrologic balance for each soil association polygon (78,863 nationwide) was simulated without calibration for 20 years using dominant soil and land use properties. The model was validated by comparing simulated average annual runoff with long term average annual runoff from USGS stream gage records. Results indicate over 45 percent of the modeled U.S. are within 50 mm of measured, and 18 percent are within 10 mm without calibration. The model tended to under predict runoff in mountain areas due to lack of climate stations at high elevations. Given the limitations of the study, (i.e., spatial resolution of the data bases and model simplicity), the results show that the large scale hydrologic balance can be realistically simulated using a continuous water balance model.     

2006年1-2月国内环境事件

简要统计了2006年1-2月国内发生的各种环境事件59起,包括沙尘天气2起,污染事件33起,地震7起,山体滑坡和泥石流3起,以及其他自然灾害14起.最后对环境污染进行了讨论.     

2006年7-8月国内环境事件

简要统计了2006年7-8月国内发生的各种环境事件218起,包括污染事件46起,地震20起,山体滑坡和泥石流41起,虫害12起,旱灾10起,以及其他自然灾害89起.对污染和自然灾害进行了讨论.     

植物滞尘分析及其数学表达模式

在植被的树冠结构分析、植物滞尘机理和粉尘沉降速度半经验公式的基础上,建立了植物滞留大气颗粒物的数学表达式。利用Beta功能函数φθ(X)、叶面的投影面积、叶面积密度a(z)、叶投影面积分布参数Kx、Kz等描述不同植被冠层的结构特征,并分析了冠层内的空气动力变化和树冠内气溶胶的平衡公式。借鉴Slinn的颗粒物沉降半经验公式、Petroffa等的阔叶滞尘计算模式,植物滞尘沉降通量数学表达式以树冠中树叶的位置为变量、由颗粒物在单片树叶上的各物理机制的沉降速度积分而成。结合国内外植物上沉降速度的试验结果和植物滞尘沉降通量公式的分析结果对影响植物滞尘的主要因素进行了比较分析。     

2007年7-8月国内环境事件

简要统计了2007年7-8月国内发生的各种环境事件148起,包括沙尘天气1起,污染事件24起,地震14起,山体滑坡和泥石流29起,旱灾5起,以及其他自然灾害75起.对自然灾害进行了讨论.