城市污泥填埋气集气井收集系统的优化研究

对城市污泥填埋场填埋气集气井收集系统进行了优化研究,考察了城市污泥水平方向的渗透系数(以下简称污泥渗透系数)对集气井影响半径的影响、集气井抽气负压随填埋时间的变化规律、填埋气的经济收集年限。结果表明,当抽气负压为25000～30000Pa时,污泥渗透系数分别取1.04×10-7、2.60×10-8、1.04×10-8m2/(Pa.s)时,集气井的影响半径分别为10.0～11.0、6.0～7.0、5.0～5.5m,过小的污泥渗透系数会严重影响集气井的集气效率,因此污泥渗透系数最好不应小于1.00×10-8m2/(Pa.s);随城市污泥填埋时间的增加,集气井抽气负压总体呈指数型降低趋势,从第8年起,抽气负压由起初的25000Pa降低到5000Pa以下,此时CH4产率约为2kg/(m3.a),到第20年时CH4产率接近于零,故从城市污泥填埋后第8年起,对填埋气继续进行收集的意义已经不大。     

高层建筑救火模型的研究

在分析我国目前高层建筑救火费用(救火消防车数和消防队员数)的基础上,提出运用优化数学的思路,建立高层建筑救火模型。首先,确定高层建筑救火费用的目标函数、约束条件、策略,将目标函数写成约束条件和策略的函数;然后,根据高层建筑火灾的特点,提出建立模型的8个假设条件,从而建立一个高层建筑救火数学模型,运用高等数学微积分的有关知识对数学模型进行求解与分析,从而达到高层建筑救火费用最低的目的。最后,以实例论证了该数学模型在高层建筑救火中的应用效果,同时为高层建筑救火提供理论上、方法上的指导。     

Design and Testing of a Turbulence Probe for Harsh Flows

The force of wind on the ground created by turbulent eddies is commonly used to describe the horizontal flux of material during wind erosion. Here we present the Murdoch Turbulence Probe, an instrument for use in both clean and eroding flows which uses pressure differences to measure the three components of wind velocity. Correlation techniques calculate the forces near the ground and turbulence statistics in nearly real time, including turbulent velocity fluctuations from less than 0.1 Hz to 200 Hz, mean flow velocities, Reynolds stresses as well as the integral length and time scales. In the portable wind-tunnel used by Agriculture Western Australia, turbulence statistics were recorded over stable surfaces and in blowing sand from the initiation of erosion up to the time the sand supply was exhausted. Estimates of the friction velocity derived from the turbulence probe were compared with estimates obtained from the wind speed profile measured with a rake of pitot and static tubes. The Murdoch Turbulence Probe appears to work well in sandblasting conditions. Relative turbulence intensities ranged from 0.11 to 0.2 and are in close agreement with values in the literature. The ratio of the turbulence to the friction velocity (3 to 3.2) is at the high end of the reported range. The Reynolds stress measurements agree closely with predictions of the threshold friction velocities of the sand and estimates from the wind speed profile with a von Kármán constant of about 0.3, lower than the commonly accepted value of 0.4. We suggest that the wind-tunnel profile represents the `outer layer' of the boundary-layer that may best be described by a `Wake Law' or `Defect Law'. At about 54 mm above the surface, the friction velocity decreases from 0.64 m/s to 0.39 m/s and the mean velocity increases from 9.6 m/s to 11.6 m/s as the supply of sand is depleted. In addition to the friction velocity, other scales may be necessary to characterise the overriding effect of the wind and in extending wind-tunnel results to the field.     

Analysis of composite sampling data using the principle of maximum entropy

A new tool is presented based on the principle of maximum entropy for enhanced hot spot detection based on composite sampling with no (or minimal) requirement for composite breakdown. The methodology presented here is easy to implement and facilitates the use of multiple criteria for evaluating attainment of site remediation objectives. The new methodology provides very simple decision rules that can easily be used by non-statisticians and complements the use of composites for control of residual mean concentrations.     

基于SWOT分析的我国环境统计持证上岗制度发展对策

我国环境统计数据质量不高、质量保障体系缺乏、数据综合分析不足等问题都与环境统计人才队伍的规模、稳定性和综合素质密切相关。文章从环境统计持证上岗制度内部条件的规范化管理,到外部环境制度的推行等方面进行了SWOT分析。制定了以加强环境统计岗位管理、设置获取证书的缓冲期限、建立激励配套机制和完善培训考核机制4条途径为核心的环境统计持证上岗制度综合发展策略,对提高环境统计人员的综合素质,实现环境统计体系的制度化和规范化均具有良好的促进作用。     

NOx排放统计方法综述

随着大气中NOx污染日益加重,"十一五"期间,我国拟将NOx纳入环境统计范围.通过广泛调研国内外文献,总结和分析了我国NOx排放量统计的研究现状,同时提出了相关建议.     

Geospatial Analysis of Climatic and Geomorphic Interactions Influencing Stream Discharge, Appalachian Mountains, USA

Streamflow values are commonly synthesized for locations where flow measurement stations are lacking or where only intermittent measurements are available. In an Appalachian Mountains dataset comprised of 29 watersheds, the most appropriate among geomorphic, geologic, and hydrogeologic datasets were selected for use in prediction of streamflow at watershed scale. A statistical model was developed using principal components analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) for. Using CA on variables derived from the PCA, an optimum set of variables was derived for predicting streamflow. Results indicate there are two categories of watersheds in the study area. The first is strongly correlated with climatic variables (precipitation, temperature, elevation, and groundwater recharge). The second is strongly correlated with two geomorphic variables (watershed slope and percentage of forested area). The spatial distribution of cluster classifications shows that watersheds dominated by the climatic component are located along the Allegheny Front while watersheds dominated by the geomorphic component are located in the Allegheny Plateau and Valley and Ridge physiographic provinces. These variations between the Allegheny Plateau and Valley and Ridge physiographic provinces suggest that, to accurately model streamflow, modeling needs be done based on natural physiographic boundaries rather than political boundaries. In this physiographic setting, elevation seems to be a major control.     

农村生活污染开展环境统计的思考

污染源排放数据是各项环境管理的关键基础和重要依据,目前,环保部门对除农村生活污染以外的其他污染源排放数据已基本摸清。在"三农"发展的同时,农村环境保护已被提上国家日程,日前国务院下发了《关于加强环境保护重点工作的意见》,要求开展农村环境统计,环境统计主管部门也在考虑"十二五"期间将农村生活污染纳入环境统计的可能性。鉴于农村生活污染的特点,开展环境统计尚存在较多难点。因此,分析农村生活污染的特点,思考将其纳入环境统计的可行性和操作性,对健全环境统计体系、改善农村环境质量、全方位掌控和监管各类污染源排放,具有高度的前瞻性和重要性。     

上海市某城区降水监测点位优化

通过对2009—2011年间上海市某城区降水监测数据的数理统计分析,对降水中的阴阳离子、p H值和电导率数据进行比对,在确保监测数据的代表性、合理性和连续性前提下,对于降水监测点位优化的必要性、可行性与后续影响进行评估。     

对美国格林威治湾底栖动物造成危害的潜在胁迫因子的诊断

格林威治湾是纳拉甘西特湾一处受到多种影响因子作用的城市化形成港湾。本研究鉴定了对于格林威治湾底栖动物的重要影响因素。首先利用现存数据与信息来验证水体受损情况。其次确定了影响来源,影响因素和具体影响的存在。继而探究了来源,影响因素和具体影响之间的关系。这使我们能够鉴定出最可能危害水体的影响因素。本研究评估了化学制品、营养物质和悬浮沉积物3类污染物。这种证据权重的方法表明格林威治湾主要受到富营养化相关的影响因素危害。格林威治湾的沉积物富含碳,低溶解氧浓度的情况十分常见,尤其在格林威治湾西部。底栖生物群落出现发育不良的情况,与在氧气不足情况下的预测结果吻合。尽管我们的分析表明环境中的污染物浓度可能导致有害结果的出现,我们并未在结果中检出毒性。这是由于沉积物中存在大量的有机物,这些有机物限制了污染物的生物可利用性。我们的分析还表明悬浮沉积物的影响对于湾区的大部分区域而言几乎不存在。本分析展示了诊断法步骤可以用于组织和评估影响格林威治湾生态健康的潜在影响因素。诊断法步骤对于管理受到多重因素影响的水体非常有用。
精选自Marguerite Pelletier, Kay Ho, Mark Cantwell, Monique Perron, Kenneth Rocha, Robert M. Burgess, Roxanne Johnson, Kenneth Perez, John Cardin, Michael A. Charpentier. Diagnosis of potential stressors adversely affecting benthic invertebrate communities in Greenwich Bay, Rhode Island, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 36, Issue 2, pages 449–462, July 2017. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3562
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/etc.3562/full