长期施肥对不同深度稻田土壤碳氮水解酶活性的影响特征

与稻田土壤碳周转密切相关的酶活性是评价土壤肥力和肥料管理的重要指标.本研究选取秸秆还田(ST)、化肥(NPK)和不施肥(CK)的长期定位试验田,以10 cm的间距分段采集土壤剖面0~40 cm范围内的新鲜土样,利用96微孔酶标板荧光分析法,测定参与土壤碳氮转化过程关键酶β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)和β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)活性,探讨不同施肥措施对不同深层土壤酶活的影响.结果表明,相比不施肥的土壤,施用化肥和秸秆土壤的BG酶活性分别提高了35%~118%和55%~342%;NAG酶活性分别提高了9%~30%和102%~484%.同时,随着土层深度的增加,土壤酶活性逐渐降低,0~20 cm深层土壤酶活性显著高于20~40 cm深层土壤.在不同施肥措施中秸秆还田可高程度影响稻田深层土壤.RDA分析表明土壤碳氮含量主要与0~20 cm的土壤酶活性有显著的正相关关系,与20~40 cm的土壤酶活性呈负相关关系.综上所述,随着土壤深度增加土壤微生物量和土壤酶活性显著降低.长期施肥显著提高了不同深层土壤生物量和土壤酶活性,其中秸秆还田作用尤为突出.因此,合理的秸杆还田有利于改善稻田深层土壤肥力,优化农田土壤养分循环,为作物生长提供良好的土壤环境.     

填埋场覆盖土对典型氯代烃的吸附特性

覆盖土吸附能力的有效评估对填埋场中挥发性氯代烃（VCHs）污染物的控制有重要意义.全面考察了二氯甲烷（DCM）、三氯甲烷（TCM）、1,1,2-三氯乙烷（1,1,2-TCA）、四氯化碳（CT）、顺-1,2-二氯乙烯（c-1,2-DCE）、三氯乙烯（TCE）、四氯乙烯（PCE）和氯苯（CB）8种VCHs在填埋场覆盖层中的吸附特性.结果显示,氯代烷烃和氯代芳烃在覆盖层土壤中吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型（R²=0.65~0.87）,氯代烯烃在覆盖层土壤中吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型（R²=0.87~0.96）.基于拟合结果预测了覆盖土对VCHs的吸附能力,结果表明VCHs的吸附速率随氯取代数的增多而增大;具有相同氯原子取代数目的氯代烃,覆盖土对氯代烯烃和氯苯的吸附量大于氯代烷烃.因此,在填埋场运行管理中,VCHs中浓度较高的氯代烷烃应该是优先治理的污染物之一.覆盖土中VCHs的吸附平衡时间约为20h,吸附速率变化范围为26~250 μg/（g_soil·h）,远高于文献报道中覆盖土对VCHs的最大降解速率.可以推断,强化覆盖土的生物氧化活性可更有效减少VCHs对环境的不利影响.     

不同C/N对半悬浮生物填料的同步硝化反硝化过程的影响

研究了不同的C/N比对半悬浮生物填料同步硝化反硝化(SND)过程的影响,并尝试找出能够实现完全脱氮的最佳C/N比.半悬浮生物填料生物膜反应器采用一种新颖的DO微电极技术展开试验,其结果从物质传递和分子生物学角度来阐明SND效率的差别.结果表明,物质传质和微生物的因素对SND效率有联合作用,生物膜的生物量、生物膜的结构和厚度及EPS在SND过程中有着重要的作用.使用半悬浮生物填料明显提高生物膜反应器内的生物多样性,它可以在C/N比20的条件下运行8 h后实现总氮的去除.     

基于通风网络理论的采空区自燃过程数值模拟

把采空区多孔介质空间假想成由漏风通道组成的通风网络 ,各漏风分支的风阻则按采空区的实际特性给予赋值 ,然后采用通风网络理论、流体力学与传热学理论 ,对新集矿 130 7工作面采空区的简化模型进行了自燃过程的模拟。其模拟结果经实测与分析 ,证明是合理的。因此 ,采用该方法模拟采空区煤炭自燃过程是可行的 ,具有很高的实用价值     

EFFECT OF PRICE ON THE RESIDENTIAL DEMAND FOR WATER WITHIN AN AGENCY1

ABSTRACT: This paper develops a model that can be used to forecast the residential elasticity of demand for water within a district. Long-term water conservation programs and revenue and cost decisions hinge crucially on a determination of this elasticity. This study then pools cross-sectional (census) and time series data to generate elasticity forecasts for the Oakland urban area.     

EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR ESTIMATING STREAM WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS IN A TRANSIENT MODEL FROM STOCHASTIC DATA1

ABSTRACT: In this study the estimation of parameters in water quality models represented by linear first order partial differential equations is investigated. Two sets of simulated input-output data, one with input noise and the other with output measurement error, were used. The parameters were estimated by a gradient technique (Bard's method) and a pattern search technique. The results indicate that the output measurement error significantly affects the values of parameter estimates as compared to the noise added to the input. Bard's method consistently gave results with a smaller sum of square value.     

原油在盐水中的溶解度研究

为了弄清污染事故的污染程度及影响因素,对原油在盐水中的溶解度进行了研究;采用正交实验方法,选定四个主要影响因素：水温、水深度、放置时间及油膜厚度,每个因素取三个水平。实验结果表明：影响水中油浓度最显著的因素是油膜厚度,显著因素是温度和水深度,次要因素是放置时间;研究结果可为污染事故的应急水处理提供依据。     

A stochastic model of urinary nitrogen and water flow in grassland soil in New Zealand

A mathematical model of urinary nitrogen and water flow in soil has been developed that incorporated stochastic rainfall and stochastic temperature events. This model was used to characterise the variability in urine patch nitrogen leaching at Taupo, New Zealand. This stochastic model was also used to more accurately determine the effect of urinary patch overlap on cow urinary nitrogen flow and leaching in soil. Nitrogen leaching from single urine deposits on pasture in the winter ranged from 0 to 75% of applied nitrogen as a result of stochastic rainfall events. Rainfall effects explained 98% of the variance in nitrogen leaching due to stochastic rainfall and temperature effects combined. The model predicted that on average 38, 61, and 71% of the nitrogen in single, double and triple urine patches is leached in the winter. Nitrogen leaching rates were significantly greater in the winter than the summer months. The distribution in the amount of nitrogen leached from single urine patches was close to normal in the winter but approximately exponentially distributed in the summer. The variability in total nitrogen leached from a field also decreased as the stocking rate increased. A quantitative modelling framework is crucial for understanding nitrogen transport in pastoral systems and for effectively setting and enforcing restrictions imposed by regulatory bodies on nitrogen losses from pastoral farming and this study represents a component of this framework.     

用矿化度估算离子强度

预测结垢趋势是污水回注中的一项重要工作，通常都要计算离子强度，而离子强度的计算量很大，因此提出了一种替代的估算方法———矿化度法。由于矿化度的测定较为容易，计算简便，建立矿化度和离子强度之间的一元线性关系，使计算得以大大简化。通过中原油田的实例详细说明了一元线性关系的建立方法及判定是否适用的标准，并提出：不同水质情况应分别建立各自的一元线性回归方程。     

现代统计信息分析技术在安全工程方面的应用——常用统计量的矩阵表示

介绍了常用统计量矩阵的基础知识,以及日常统计工作中常用的参数进行矩阵化的方法。