Rainfall conditions and rainwater harvesting potential in the urban area of Khartoum

Runoff water management is among the inherent challenges which face the sustainability of the development of arid urban centers. These areas are particularly at risk from flooding due to rainfall concentration in few heavy showers. On the other hand, they are susceptible to drought. The capital of Sudan (Khartoum) stands as exemplary for these issues. Hence, this research study aims at investigating the potential of applying rainwater harvesting (RWH) in Khartoum City Center as a potential urban runoff management tool. Rapid urbanization coupled with the extension of impervious surfaces has intensified the heat island in Khartoum. Consequently, increased frequency of heat waves and dust storms during the dry summer and streets flooding during the rainy season have led to environmental, economical, and health problems. The study starts with exposing the rainfall behavior in Khartoum by investigating rainfall variability, number of raindays, distribution of rain over the season, probability of daily rainfall, maximum daily rainfall and deficit/surplus of rain through time. The daily rainfall data show that very strong falls of >30 mm occur almost once every wet season. Decreased intra- and inter-annual rainfall surpluses as well as increased rainfall concentration in the month of August have been taking place. The 30-year rainfall variability is calculated at decade interval since 1941. Increasing variability is revealed with 1981–2010 having coefficients of variation of 66.6% for the annual values and 108.8–118.0% for the wettest months (July–September). Under the aforementioned rainfall conditions, this paper then explores the potential of RWH in Khartoum City Center as an option for storm water management since the drainage system covers only 40% of the study area. The potential runoff from the 6.5 km² center area is computed using the United States Natural Resources Conservation Services method (US-NRCS), where a weighted Curve Number (CN) of 94% is found, confirming dominant imperviousness. Rainfall threshold for runoff generation is found to be 3.3 mm. A 24,000 m³ runoff generated from a 13.1 mm rainfall (with 80% probability and one year return period) equals the drainage system capacity. An extreme rainfall of 30 mm produces a runoff equivalent to fourfold the drainage capacity. It is suggested that the former and latter volumes mentioned above could be harvested by applying the rational method from 18% and 80% rooftops of the commercial and business district area, respectively. Based on the above results, six potential sites can be chosen for RWH with a total roof catchment area of 39,558 m² and potential rooftop RWH per unit area of 0.033 m³. These results reflect the RWH potential for effective urban runoff management and better water resources utilization. RWH would provide an alternative source of water to tackle the drought phenomenon.     

煤矿工人安全认知的影响因素研究

为提高煤矿工人的安全认知能力,预防不安全行为的发生,从管理角度提出组织政治(煤矿企业正式结构外的决策影响力)、管理公平性和管理者安全支持对安全认知影响的假设关系。利用问卷调查获取数据,运用结构方程模型(SEM)探讨3个因素对安全认知的影响。实证分析表明:管理者安全支持和管理公平性对矿工安全认知有直接影响关系;组织政治对管理者安全支持和管理公平性具有直接负向影响关系,并通过管理者安全支持间接负向影响安全认知;管理公平性对管理者安全支持具有显著的正向影响关系,并通过此变量间接影响安全认知。管理者安全支持和管理公平性是矿工安全认知的重要影响因素,具有预测矿工安全认知的效果。     

添加醇对氨气在气液间传质性能的影响

采用旋流板式塔,考察了在吸收剂中添加正辛醇或异辛醇前后氨的气液传质性能.实验结果表明,在氨气体积分数为0.80%、气体流量为0.8 m3/min、吸收剂水力负荷为0～1.62 m3/(m2·h)的条件下,添加1.00 g/L的正辛醇或异辛醇,溶液的表面张力下降,旋流板式塔的理论板数升高;而在稀硫酸溶液中加入正辛醇或异辛醇后,却不利于氨气的传质.运用matlab软件对结果进行回归分析,建立了旋流板式塔的理论板数与其影响因素的回归方程.     

旅游学结构方程模型应用研究综述

对国外旅游学权威期刊与国内CNKI期刊网上发表的旅游学领域结构方程模型的应用研究文献进行了梳理。在阐释结构方程模型基本原理和主要优点的基础上,着重从游客、社区居民、旅游业者角度对结构方程模型在旅游学上的应用主题、潜变量、假设路径与拟合指数等进行了综述,并对研究的一般程序、步骤、规范与要求进行了归纳,认为国内将结构方程模型应用在旅游学上的研究较少,今后应加强居民和旅游业者模型的研究,注重时间和空间上的对比验证。     

湿式烟气脱硫系统同时脱汞研究

研究表明,湿法烟气脱硫装置（WFGD）可去除烟气中绝大部分Hg^2＋,但对单质汞的吸收效果不明显,因此研究提高湿法烟气脱硫系统中单质汞的氧化率的方法对控制汞的排放具有重要意义。综述了WFGD及在此系统中各种添加剂的脱汞性能,认为在添加剂中,气态的臭氧、液态的次氯酸和氯化钠稀溶液、黄磷乳浊液、氢硫化钠溶液及EDTA的汞去除效果较好,且不会被SO2大量消耗,可在WFGD系统实现同时脱硫脱汞;而气态的氯气,液态的K2S2O8溶液虽然也有较好的汞去除效果,但因易被SO2或亚硫酸盐溶液消耗,当在WFGD系统中用其氧化单质汞时,需要对脱硫塔进行分层或其他改造,使烟气中的SO2被吸收后再控制汞,提高经济性。     

Spectroscopic studies of dye-surfactant interactions with the co-existence of heavy metal ions for foam fractionation

The interaction between a cationic dye Methylene Blue (MB) and an anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with the presence of Cd²⁺ was investigated spectrophotometrically in a certain concentration range. The spectrophotometric measurements of dye-metal ion-surfactant system were carried out. The results indicated that the SDS concentration had a significant influence on the dye spectrum, while the addition of Cd²⁺ hardly caused change of the maximum value of absorbance. According to this observation, we concluded that electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction between dye and surfactant occurred up to a certain level, and the homo-ions Cd²⁺ almost exerted no effect on the dye-surfactant complexation, establishing a theoretical foundation for simultaneous removal of organic dye and heavy metal using foam fractionation. Meanwhile, the effects of their interaction on foam performance were investigated. The results showed that the addition of Cd²⁺ favored the tendency to ameliorate foam properties just contrary to MB. The feasibility of foam separation for dye and heavy metal removal from simulated wastewater was also confirmed using a continuous foam fractionator. In the simultaneous removal process, with the initial SDS concentration ranging from 0.5 to 5.0 mmol/L, the maximum removal efficiencies of MB and Cd²⁺ were obtained as 99.69% and 99.61%, respectively. The enrichment ratios were reduced from 24.34 to 7.65 for MB and from 22.01 to 3.35 for Cd²⁺.     

北京市乘务管理员安全胜任特征模型构建研究

为探究北京市乘务管理员安全胜任特征,基于已有胜任特征模型,通过查阅文献、分析乘务管理员职责、结构式访谈等方式获得乘务管理员安全胜任特征。在此基础上设计调查问卷并大规模发放,建立北京市乘务管理员安全胜任特征模型,利用结构方程模型验证乘务管理员安全胜任特征模型的有效性。研究结果表明:模型分为总体胜任力层次、公共因子层次、具体胜任特征层次。模型信度较高且数据与模型拟合较好,证明乘务管理员安全胜任特征在专业能力、安全素质、应变能力、发展潜力4个方面的相关程度最高。     

济南市空气质量状况与气象条件关系分析

利用济南市空气污染指数资料和气象资料,分析空气质量状况与气象条件的关系规律,建立起空气污染指数与气象要素间的季节性回归方程,并筛选济南市近年来的空气质量重污染过程,分析污染过程时对应的天气形势特征,为济南市的空气污染指数预报和环境保护工作中的污染潜势预报提供参考。     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱联用同时测定水中致嗅挥发性有机硫化物

建立了一种利用吹扫捕集(PT)-气相色谱(GC)/火焰光度检测器(FPD)同时测定水中16种致嗅类有机硫化物的分析方法。研究并优化了捕集阱类型、吹扫温度、吹扫时间,解吸温度以及解吸时间对PT的影响。实验表明:大部分硫醚类和硫醇类化合物分别在1~100 ng/L和3~300 ng/L范围内线性良好,线性相关系数大于0.99;相对标准偏差小于9.47%(n=6);加标回收率为81.68%~115.18%。定量下限(10倍信噪比)范围从0.19 ng/L(二乙基二硫醚)到2.67 ng/L(2-甲基-1-丙硫醇)。采用此方法对北京市3条河流水样进行了检测,除1-丙基二硫醚和2-甲基-2-丙硫醇外,其他14种有机硫化物都有检出,质量浓度为1.95~1 282.35 ng/L。