干电池中重金属的浸出特性及危害研究

所有的家用干电池中都或多或少含有不同种类的重金属。这些重金属进入环境并达到一定含量后 ,其毒性对人体健康和生物圈会造成潜在危害。而电池进入填埋场后是否会发生壳体破损并造成重金属污染 ?本文针对废干电池进入填埋场后 ,重金属的释放和污染情况进行了试验研究。结果表明 ,电池壳体可有效阻止电池中重金属的释放 ,即便是在破损后对渗滤液中重金属的贡献也是微乎其微的。     

TBP柱填料萃取回收铁钍渣浸出液中钍的研究

将ＴＢＰ固定于多孔载体上，用于萃取硝酸水溶液中的钍。实验表明，萃取分配比高，萃取容量大，能有效地防止乳化现象。将ＴＢＰ柱填料制备成填充柱，对含Ｔｈ＾４＋，Ｆｅ＾３＋和Ｃｅ＾３＋的铁钍渣浸出液进行萃取实验得出：当溶液硝酸浓度为４ｍｏｌ／ｌ，接触时间为１０ｍｉｎ时，萃余液中Ｔｈ＾４＋浓度粘于０．０１ｍｇ／ｌ。１ｇＴＢＰ柱填料可萃取的０．２５ｇ，反萃液中钍浓度为６２．５ｇ／ｌ，Ｆｅ＾３＋和Ｃｅ＾３＋的含     

基于MAWEI指数的水体信息提取方法

遥感技术是快速而又准确获取水体信息的有效途径,对水资源管理与评估有着重要意义。以福州市闽江、贵阳市百花水库、曲靖市南盘江和泰安市东平湖区域Landsat 8影像为基础,构建改进的自动水体提取指数（MAWEI）对水体信息进行提取,利用目视解译结果作为精度验证数据,量化不同水体指数在多种环境条件下的水体提取精度。研究结果表明：（1）面向对象的分类方法改善了面向像素方法存在“椒盐现象”的缺点;（2）MAWEI、AWEInsh、AWEIsh和MNDWI四种水体指数在最优提取阈值的情况下,MAWEI指数提取水体的精度最高,效果最佳。且通过实验发现不同环境条件下MAWEI水体指数的稳定性较好。MAWEI指数可用于快速有效地提取大面积水体信息,能满足大面积的水体快速制图和土地利用的分类,对水体信息快速提取具有较强的应用价值,值得推广。     

硫杂冠醚的合成及其对废水中Ag(I)的选择性萃取研究

针对当前含银废液综合回收利用率低,以及不当排放造成严重环境污染等问题.本研究以邻苯二酚为原料,经亲核取代、酰氯酰化、缩合反应制得一种全新结构硫杂冠醚7,10-二硫杂苯并-18-冠-6(硫杂冠醚3,Thia18C6),产物经核磁共振氢谱(~1H NMR)、X-射线衍射单晶进行了结构表征,进而采用溶剂萃取的方法考察了其对不同金属离子的选择性萃取能力.结果表明,在单一体系下,Thia18C6对银离子表现出较为优异的萃取能力,萃取率可达97.68%,而在多种杂质离子(Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)和Ni~(2+))共存的复杂体系中,Thia18C6对银离子表现出了较强的选择性.     

活性污泥中一氧化氮还原酶的提取和测定优化

通过正交实验,研究了超声破碎法和低温高压破碎法提取一氧化氮还原酶（nitric oxide reductase,nor）的活性,分析了超声强度和次数,破碎压力和次数,裂解液的添加量等因素对于胞内可溶性蛋白和核酸（DNA）的释放与提取nor活性的影响.根据活性污泥中酶的催化特性以及其他实验条件,完善了nor催化活性的测定方法.结果表明超声法提取nor的参数应设定为,超声次数为100次,超声强度为500W,裂解液的添加量为0.1mL.低温高压破碎法提取nor的参数应设定为破碎次数为4次,破碎压力为50MPa,裂解液的添加量为0.1mL.低温高压破碎法下的胞内可溶性蛋白和DNA的释放量与nor的最大催化活性要高于超声破碎法.此外,在nor催化活性的测定方法中,nor活性测定终点时间应为15min.     

Characterization of seawater and aerosol particle surfactants using solid phase extraction and mass spectrometry

Surface-active organic molecules (surfactants) may influence the ability of an aerosol particle to act as a cloud condensation nuclei by reducing its surface tension. One source of organic mass in aerosol particles, which may also contain surfactants, is bubble bursting on the sea surface. In order to directly compare these molecules in the ocean and aerosol particles, we developed a method using multiple solid phase extractions and high resolution mass spectrometry to characterize surface active organic molecules in both. This method has extraction efficiencies greater than 85%, 75%, and 60% for anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactant standards, respectively. In this study, we demonstrate the presence of three ionic classes of surface active organics in atmospheric aerosol particles and estuarine water from Skidaway Island, GA. With this extraction method, organic molecules from both estuarine water and atmospheric aerosol particles significantly reduced surface tension of pure water (surface tension depression of ~ 18 mN/m) and had high ratios of hydrogen to carbon (H/C) and low ratios of oxygen to carbon (O/C), indicative of surfactants. While previous work has observed a larger fraction of anionic surface active organics in seawater and marine aerosol particles, here we show cationic surface active organics may make up a large fraction of the total surface active molecules in estuarine water (43%–47%).     

Fe3O4/GO对水溶液中Cd(II)去除的影响因素

为探索高效且快速去除水溶液中Cd （Ⅱ）污染方法,采用自制磁性四氧化三铁负载氧化石墨烯（Fe₃O₄/GO）纳米复合材料对水溶液中Cd （Ⅱ）进行去除,利用单因素实验确定影响因素水平范围（初始Cd （Ⅱ）浓度、温度、反应时间、初始pH值）,并采用响应面法（RSM）及人工神经网络-遗传算法（ANN-GA）对去除水溶液中Cd （Ⅱ）的影响因素（4因素3水平）进行优化,利用等温吸附、动力学及热力学参数研究吸附剂性能.通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射仪及超导量子干涉器件（SQUID）对复合材料表征.结果表明,平均粒径为30.9nm的磁性Fe₃O₄/GO纳米复合材料被成功制备.RSM用于磁性Fe₃O₄/GO纳米复合材料对水溶液中Cd （Ⅱ）去除条件优化,预测去除率达到86.451%,验证试验为82.220%,对应条件：温度为20.14℃,反应时间为57.78min,初始pH值为6.41和初始Cd （Ⅱ）浓度为11.18mg/L; ANN-GA优化条件后的预测去除率为89.722%,验证试验为87.723%,相应条件：温度为29.96℃,pH值为5.49,初始Cd （Ⅱ）浓度为28.36mg/L,反应时间为65.78min.根据模型R²值,预测的最大去除率及验证试验,ANN-GA模型性能及预测能力均高于RSM.RSM方差分析表明4个因素对磁性Fe₃O₄/GO纳米复合材料去除水溶液中Cd （Ⅱ）的影响大小为：初始Cd （Ⅱ）浓度>温度>反应时间>pH值.吸附机理分析结果显示,Fe₃O₄/GO纳米复合材料对Cd （Ⅱ）吸附过程同时存在着物理吸附和化学吸附.结合ANN-GA优化,利用磁铁实现且快速分离,磁性Fe₃O₄/GO纳米复合材料用于去除Cd （Ⅱ）是可行的.关键字：Cd （Ⅱ）;四氧化三铁负载氧化石墨烯;单因素实验;响应面法;人工神经网络-遗传算法中图分类号：X53     

发酵床垫料中微生物16S rDNA PCR反应条件的建立与优化

为探讨发酵床垫料中微生物16S rDNA基因扩增实验中诸多因素对实验结果的影响,采用单因素法对16S rDNA基因扩增时PCR反应体系中的5个潜在因素（Mg^2＋、dNTP、引物、Taq酶、模板DNA）5水平上进行优化实验,并进一步优化了反应程序中的退火温度、循环次数。结果表明：25μL的最佳反应体系为：10×PCR buffer 2.5μL、MgCl22.0 mmol·L^-1、dNTP 0.2 mmol·L^-1、引物0.2μmol·L^-1、Taq DNA聚合酶0.5 U、模板DNA 50 ng;最佳反应程序为：在94℃下进行4 min预变性;随后循环扩增25个循环（包括94℃变性45 s,53.7℃退火30 s,72℃延伸90 s）;最后在72℃下延伸10 min。     

阻截除油技术在渤西油气处理厂的应用

"阻截除油"是一种基于新理念、新材料而开发出的新型油水分离工艺。本文介绍了该新工艺的工作原理,通过对渤西油气处理厂现场采油生产含油污水(生产水)进行实际运行试验,检验了以"阻截油水分离"新技术为核心的新型含油污水处理装置在采油生产含油污水处理方面的性能,并获取了对新工艺进行适用性优化改进的经验,利于进一步对该工艺的推广应用。     

Geochemical properties and pollution assessment of heavy metals in the sediments of Daechung Lake,Korea

In order to examine the forms, sources, and pollution of heavy metals—arsenic (As), aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)—in Daechung Lake, Korea, sediment samples were collected in November 2014. Daechung Lake was constructed to supply water for human consumption, agricultural use, and industrial use as well as to generate electric power. The lake is stratified in the summer and surrounded mostly by agricultural and mining areas. Our results indicate that the heavy metals (except As and Cd) displayed similar concentrations at all of the sampling stations. As and Cd were high in locations where fine sediments had built up. Based on the enrichment factor of the metals, the sediments collected from all of the sampling stations were highly polluted by As and Cd. Therefore, deposition of heavy metals in Daechung Lake is possibly controlled by grain size and anthropogenic activity, such as drainage from abandoned mines, agricultural activities, and/or the release of wastewater. The most dominant forms for all of the metals were oxide and silicate forms. This suggests that the sediments of Daechung Lake are not highly sulfidic. However, the sediment samples were collected after the collapse of seasonal stratification. Therefore, future studies should include elucidation of major sources for As and Cd and the collection of sediments during months of stratification.