重庆金佛山降雪中飞灰单颗粒特征及来源解析

大气降雪能够保存大气环境信息,是研究区域环境的良好介质.位于渝黔交接带的金佛山海拔2 251.1 m,冬季降水以降雪的形式出现,周边区域人类活动强烈.关于该区域大气气溶胶中的飞灰单颗粒特征的研究比较缺乏.本研究采集了金佛山5个降雪样品,运用扫描电镜及X能谱分析联用系统(SEM-EDS)对样品中的132个飞灰进行单颗粒形貌、化学组成分析.结果表明,研究区降雪中存在大量球形飞灰,包含光滑颗粒、粗糙颗粒及聚合体颗粒3种形态,分别占统计颗粒的80.31%、14.39%和5.30%;平均粒径1.64μm,平均环度1.09.按主导化学元素分为富硅类、富碳类、富铁类、富铝类及富钛类5种,所占比例分别为34.09%、49.24%、12.88%、2.27%和1.52%.结合气象资料、气团后向运移轨迹和飞灰性质,推测富碳类飞灰可能主要来自于生活排放源和工业活动;富硅类飞灰可能来自于渝西、黔北、湘中、浙赣一带及粤西的火力发电厂等高温燃煤工业;富铁类及富钛类飞灰则可能来源于渝西和黔北、湘中的钢铁厂、轧钢厂等金属冶炼活动.     

铜在壳核结构磁性颗粒上的吸附:效能与表面性质的关系

为了揭示吸附剂的吸附效能与其组成、结构及表面性质之间的关系,本研究对两种壳核结构磁性颗粒Fe_3O_4/Mn O2与Fe-Mn/Mn O2的形貌特征、表面性质进行了系统表征,并对铜在磁性颗粒表面的吸附行为与机制进行了详细研究.表征结果表明磁核Fe_3O_4与Fe-Mn具有相似的尖晶石类晶体结构,包覆Mn O2后,晶体结构均未发生明显变化.但Mn的引入,增强了磁核与外壳间的结合作用,Fe-Mn比Fe_3O_4包覆MnO_2的量更多、更均匀,进而使Fe-Mn/Mn O2具有更高的比表面积与更低的等电点.吸附实验结果表明,Fe-Mn的最大铜吸附容量33.7 mg·g-1(pH 5.5)高于Fe_3O_4的17.5 mg·g-1(pH 5.5);包覆MnO_2以后,铜吸附性能显著增强,Fe-Mn/MnO_2最大铜吸附容量升高至58.2 mg·g-1(p H 5.5),为Fe_3O_4/MnO_2的2.6倍,且优于多数文献报道的磁性吸附剂.机制研究表明铜在Fe_3O_4/Mn O2与Fe-Mn/MnO_2的表面发生了特性吸附,形成了内层表面络合物.综上所述,磁性颗粒的吸附效能与其组成成分、形貌结构及表面性质之间具有显著的相关性.     

北京大气PM2.5与惰性SiO2的生物毒性比较

以惰性SiO2颗粒作为模式颗粒,与野外采集PM2.5分别作用于模式生物粟酒裂殖酵母菌(Schizosaccharomyces pombe),旨在通过对比实验确定PM2.5致毒的主要因素.采用紫外分光光度法测定细胞增值率,环境扫描电镜观察颗粒物在细胞表面的附着状态,DHE荧光染色剂显色法测定细胞ROS生成情况,单细胞凝胶电泳实验检测细胞DNA损伤.结果表明,SiO2颗粒在超细粒径尺度(60 nm)下能抑制S.pombe细胞增殖,主要是通过附着在细胞表面来改变细胞外壁的通透性,并不能通过诱导细胞生成ROS而造成对细胞的氧化损伤;而平均粒径较大的PM2.5主要是通过诱导细胞生成ROS对细胞造成氧化损伤,同时可损伤DNA.结论认为PM2.5毒性大小与颗粒物粒径等物理性质并无直接关系.     

利用SPAMS研究南宁市冬季单颗粒气溶胶化学成分

利用单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪(SPAMS)对南宁市2015年冬季2月15~24日期间大气PM2.5进行观测.SPAMS所测得大气PM2.5数浓度与PM2.5质量浓度线性相关系数为0.76,在一定程度上颗粒物数浓度可反映大气污染状况.利用自适应共振神经网络分类方法(Art-2a)对PM2.5化学成分进行分类,确定PM2.5化学成分主要为元素碳、有机元素碳混合颗粒、有机碳、富钾颗粒、矿物质、富钠颗粒、二次无机颗粒、左旋葡聚糖以及其它重金属共9类.成分占比最高的是元素碳,其次是有机碳和富钾颗粒.监测到80%以上的PM2.5粒径主要集中在0.2~1.0μm之间,峰值出现在0.62μm处,各化学成分的粒径分布特征与总颗粒数粒径分布特征相似.各化学成分数浓度与PM2.5质量浓度随时间变化趋势较一致,化学成分数浓度占比变化在一定程度上可反映瞬时的污染来源.     

Syntrophic co-culture of Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia for degradation of kraft lignin discharged from rayon grade pulp industry

In order to search the degradability of kraft lignin, the potential bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis (GU193980) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (GU193981) were isolated, screened and applied in axenic and co-culture conditions. Results revealed that mixed culture showed better decolorization efficiency (80%) and reduction of pollution parameters (COD 73% and BOD 62%) than axenic culture. This indicated syntrophic growth of these two bacteria rather than any antagonistic effect. The HPLC analysis of degraded samples of kraft lignin has shown the reduction in peak area compared to control, suggesting that decrease in color intensity might be largely attributed to the degradation of lignin by isolated bacteria. Further, the GC–MS analysis showed that most of the compounds detected in control were diminished after bacterial treatment. Further, the seed germination test using Phaseolus aureus has supported the detoxification of bacterial decolorized kraft lignin for environmental safety. All these observations have revealed that the developed bacterial co-culture was capable for the effective degradation and decolorization of lignin containing rayon grade pulp mill wastewater for environmental safety.     

微孔曝气国内外研究进展及趋势分析

分析比较了国内外微孔曝气研究和应用实例,指出了目前微孔曝气技术的研究重点。同时,综合国内外研究人员的研究成果,分别叙述了曝气量、安装水深、安装面积、孔径、水质和气孔堵塞状况对微孔曝气充氧性能的影响,对不同影响因素的作用效果做了总结,并指出目前研究存在的问题。以期对污水处理厂曝气系统的优化提供借鉴,对拟采用微孔曝气法进行生态修复的研究提供参考。     

超声雾化法捕集气溶胶的试验研究

核设施退役过程,放射性气溶胶浓度较高,需要进行处理,以降低工作人员辐照风险。研究捕集剂配方、雾化通入量等对模拟气溶胶捕集效果的影响,结果表明:捕集剂配方对气溶胶捕集的效果差异明显;粒径越小的气溶胶粒子被雾化捕集的速度较慢;捕集剂通入量在0.06 kg/m3以下,对气溶胶捕集效果影响显著。对等离子切割解体设备产生的241Am、239Pu污染气溶胶进行雾化捕集,初始污染水平为136 Bq/m3的气溶胶经雾化捕集后可降至1.23 Bq/m3,捕集的效果显著。     

Acid-catalyzed heterogeneous reaction of 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol with hydrogen peroxide

Acid-catalyzed heterogeneous oxidation with hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) has been suggested to be a potential pathway for secondary organic aerosol(SOA) formation from isoprene and its oxidation products. However, knowledge of the chemical mechanism and kinetics for this process is still incomplete. 3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol(MBO321), an aliphatic alcohol structurally similar to isoprene, is emitted by pine forests and widely used in the manufacturing industries. Herein the uptake of MBO321 into H2SO4–H2O2mixed solution was investigated using a flow-tube reactor coupled to a mass spectrometer. The reactive uptake coefficients(γ) were acquired for the first time and were found to increase rapidly with increasing acid concentration. Corresponding aqueous-phase reactions were performed to further study the mechanism of this acid-catalyzed reaction. MBO321 could convert to 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol(MBO232) and yield isoprene in acidic media. Organic hydroperoxides(ROOHs) were found to be generated through the acid-catalyzed route,which could undergo a rearrangement reaction and result in the formation of acetone and acetaldehyde. Organosulfates, which have been proposed to be SOA tracer compounds in the atmosphere, were also produced during the oxidation process. These results suggest that the heterogeneous acid-catalyzed reaction of MBO321 with H2O2 may contribute to SOA mass under certain atmospheric conditions.     

The potential leaching and mobilization of trace elements from FGD-gypsum of a coal-fired power plant under water re-circulation conditions

Experimental and geochemical modelling studies were carried out to identify mineral and solid phases containing major, minor, and trace elements and the mechanism of the retention of these elements in Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD)-gypsum samples from a coal-fired power plant under filtered water recirculation to the scrubber and forced oxidation conditions. The role of the pH and related environmental factors on the mobility of Li, Ni, Zn, As, Se, Mo, and U from FGD-gypsums for a comprehensive assessment of element leaching behaviour were also carried out. Results show that the extraction rate of the studied elements generally increases with decreasing the pH value of the FGD-gypsum leachates. The increase of the mobility of elements such as U, Se, and As in the FGD-gypsum entails the modification of their aqueous speciation in the leachates; UO₂SO₄, H₂Se, and HAsO₂ are the aqueous complexes with the highest activities under acidic conditions. The speciation of Zn, Li, and Ni is not affected in spite of pH changes; these elements occur as free cations and associated to SO₄² in the FGD-gypsum leachates. The mobility of Cu and Mo decreases by decreasing the pH of the FGD-gypsum leachates, which might be associated to the precipitation of CuSe₂ and MoSe₂, respectively. Time-of-Flight mass spectrometry of the solid phase combined with geochemical modelling of the aqueous phase has proved useful in understanding the mobility and geochemical behaviour of elements and their partitioning into FGD-gypsum samples.     

The potential leaching and mobilization of trace elements from FGD-gypsum of a coal-fired power plant under water re-circulation conditions

Experimental and geochemical modelling studies were carried out to identify mineral and solid phases containing major, minor, and trace elements and the mechanism of the retention of these elements in Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD)-gypsum samples from a coal-fired power plant under filtered water recirculation to the scrubber and forced oxidation conditions. The role of the pH and related environmental factors on the mobility of Li, Ni, Zn, As, Se, Mo, and U from FGD-gypsums for a comprehensive assessment of element leaching behaviour were also carried out. Results show that the extraction rate of the studied elements generally increases with decreasing the pH value of the FGD-gypsum leachates. The increase of the mobility of elements such as U, Se, and As in the FGD-gypsum entails the modification of their aqueous speciation in the leachates; UO₂SO₄, H₂Se, and HAsO₂ are the aqueous complexes with the highest activities under acidic conditions. The speciation of Zn, Li, and Ni is not affected in spite of pH changes; these elements occur as free cations and associated to SO₄ ² in the FGD-gypsum leachates. The mobility of Cu and Mo decreases by decreasing the pH of the FGD-gypsum leachates, which might be associated to the precipitation of CuSe₂ and MoSe₂, respectively. Time-of-Flight mass spectrometry of the solid phase combined with geochemical modelling of the aqueous phase has proved useful in understanding the mobility and geochemical behaviour of elements and their partitioning into FGD-gypsum samples.