Role of secondary aerosols in haze formation in summer in the Megacity Beijing

A field experiment from 18 August to 8 September 2006 in Beijing, China, was carried out. A hazy day was defined as visibility < l0 km and RH (relative humidity) < 90%. Four haze episodes, which accounted for ~ 60% of the time during the whole campaign, were characterized by increases of SNA (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) and SOA (secondary organic aerosol) concentrations. The average values with standard deviation of SO₄^2 −, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺ and SOA were 49.8 (± 31.6), 31.4 (± 22.3), 25.8 (± 16.6) and 8.9 (± 4.1) μg/m³, respectively, during the haze episodes, which were 4.3, 3.4, 4.1, and 1.7 times those in the non-haze days. The SO₄^2 −, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, and SOA accounted for 15.8%, 8.8%, 7.3%, and 6.0% of the total mass concentration of PM₁₀ during the non-haze days. The respective contributions of SNA species to PM₁₀ rose to about 27.2%, 15.9%, and 13.9% during the haze days, while the contributions of SOA maintained the same level with a slight decrease to about 4.9%. The observed mass concentrations of SNA and SOA increased with the increase of PM₁₀ mass concentration, however, the rate of increase of SNA was much faster than that of the SOA. The SOR (sulfur oxidation ratio) and NOR (nitrogen oxidation ratio) increased from non-haze days to hazy days, and increased with the increase of RH. High concentrations of aerosols and water vapor favored the conversion of SO₂ to SO₄^2 − and NO₂ to NO₃⁻, which accelerated the accumulation of the aerosols and resulted in the formation of haze in Beijing.     

青岛沿海大气气溶胶中无机组分在粗、细粒子上的分布

在1997-09～1998-08分4次对大气气溶胶进行了监测.结果表明:青岛沿海地区的气溶胶质量浓度多集中于＜2.5μm的细粒子中,同时采暖季节细粒子比例浓度大大高于非采暖季节.SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺、NO₃^-、K⁺主要存在于粒径小于2.5μm的细粒子中.Na⁺、Cl^-、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺则主要存在于大于2.5μm的粗粒子中,冬季F^-、Cl^-、Br^-均主要存在于细粒子中,而夏季则主要存在于粗粒子中,表明这3种离子在气溶胶粒径分布中可能受人为燃烧源和温度影响.     

汽油轿车NEDC循环超细颗粒物排放特性

以一辆采用电控燃油进气道多点喷射系统的桑塔纳汽油轿车为试验样车,采用排气颗粒数量及粒径分析仪EEPS,对该车NEDC循环的超细颗粒排放数量及颗粒粒径分布特性进行了试验研究.结果表明,NEDC循环中,车辆加速时排放的核模态颗粒、聚集态颗粒数量浓度均增加;车辆启动后40 s及EUDC循环高速工况（≥90 km.h-1）排放的超细颗粒数量浓度较高;NEDC循环的颗粒数量排放呈单峰对数分布,颗粒数量排放峰值的颗粒粒径集中于10～30 nm,几何平均粒径为24 nm;ECEⅠ、ECEⅡ～Ⅳ和EUDC循环,加速、减速、怠速及匀速驾驶工况的颗粒数量排放基本上呈单峰对数分布,颗粒数量排放峰值的颗粒粒径主要集中于10～30 nm,几何平均粒径集中于14～42 nm.该汽油车NEDC循环排放的超细颗粒主要以粒径小于50 nm的核模态颗粒为主.     

鄱阳湖-饶河入湖段湿地底泥中微塑料的分离及其表面形貌特征

微塑料(粒径5 mm)作为一种新型污染物近年来被社会广泛关注.本文以江西省饶河-鄱阳湖入湖段(龙口)典型湿地表层中底泥沉积物为研究对象,分离提取底泥沉积物中微塑料,确定底泥沉积物中微塑料丰度值,利用扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS)和傅里叶红外光谱仪分析微塑料表面形貌特征及组成特征.结果表明:(1)底泥沉积物中微塑料丰度为938个·kg-1,主要包括碎片、薄膜、纤维和发泡等4种类型微塑料,其中以碎片类微塑料比例最高,达到66.7%;薄膜类次之,约占比例25%;发泡类及纤维类微塑料相对较少些,二者比例之和仅占8.3%.(2)不同类型微塑料的红外光谱分析表明,碎片类微塑料主要成分为聚乙烯,薄膜类主要成分为聚丙烯,纤维类主要成分为低密度聚乙烯,发泡类主要成分则为聚苯乙烯.(3)微塑料粒径分布特征表明,粒径小于1 mm的微塑料比例占总量的61.3%,且随着粒径增大微塑料数目呈减少趋势.(4)微塑料表面形貌特征表现为沉积物中的微塑料有不同程度的老化痕迹,表面出现裂痕、孔隙并带有撕裂物等特征.     

粒子电极堆放方式对三维电极体系性能的影响研究

通过对自制的粒子电极串进行实验,探讨了一种消除三维电极反应床中短路电流的新方法,并研究了不同粒子堆放方式对电催化效果的影响.结果表明,粒子本身长度的适当增长,使其与溶液电位差增大,废水脱色率也随之增大.采用B-β型粒子电极串在20V电压下反应60min,14mm长的粒子电极对直接湖蓝5B废水的脱色率可达到71.4%,比...     

人为气溶胶排放导致最近80年东亚夏季风在过去四个世纪以来空前减弱

亚洲夏季风(Asian Summer Monsoon,ASM)对亚洲数十亿人口的生存、亚洲生态系统和生物多样性的分布、以及农业生产(粮食安全)和工业活动影响严重。因此了解ASM过去时空变化及其动力学过程对陆地生态系统、水资源、森林和景观研究至关重要。近几十年,器测记录显示以降水量为代表的ASM强度一直在减弱,但这一减弱趋势的起始时间和动力学过程尚不清楚。为此,第一次集成了ASM西部-中部边缘带10个对降水敏感的树木年轮宽度年表,重建了公元1566年以来反映ASM强度变化的降水序列。重建结果不仅捕捉到了ASM过去4个世纪以来强弱变化历史,也反映出历史上蝗灾与弱季风的关联。特别是发现了最近80年具有过去448年中前所未有的、最为强烈的、显著且持续时间最长的ASM强度减弱趋势。这一减弱趋势与在温室效应影响下ASM本该增强的预期大相庭径。耦合气候模型实验表明,北半球人为硫酸盐气溶胶排放的逐渐增加,对ASM减弱起了决定性作用。     

TiO2光催化剂的改性研究

采用浸渍法制备了掺杂Fe3+ ,用NH4 Cl提高单分散性并且用稀H2 SO4 表面修饰的TiO2 粉体光催化剂 ,考察了它与TiO2 在紫外光和日光作用下对直接耐晒黑G的降解效果。结果表明 ,以TiO2 干凝胶为母体 ,依次浸渍Fe3+ 、NH+ 4以及SO2 - 4所制备的粉体光催化剂Fe3+ /SO2 - 4/TiO2 在紫外光作用下降解效果比纯TiO2 高 2 .1倍 ,在日光作用下比TiO2 高 1 .9倍。X射线衍射分析表明 ,该法制备的TiO2 粉体中锐钛矿相占 1 0 0 % ,没有金红石相 ,平均晶粒粒径为 4nm ;红外吸收光谱分析表明 ,无论是纯TiO2 还是经过掺杂Fe3+ 、用H2 SO4 进行表面修饰后的TiO2 ,红外吸收光谱图基本相似 ,说明掺杂和表面修饰并没有极大地改变TiO2 的化学结构 ,光催化性能的提高归属于杂质能级的电子捕获陷阱作用、有效光成分增加和光生电子向反应物的迅速转移     

青岛地区气溶胶的酸碱特性

应用实验和酸碱平衡计算的方法,研究青岛地区气溶胶的酸碱特性,测定气溶胶中硫酸的含量,推断气溶胶中的Ca2+,Mg2+的存在形式与SO2-₄,NO-₃的来源以及IP和TSP对降水酸性的贡献?发现IP气溶胶对降水总的影响是起中和作用,中和能力以碳酸盐计相当于它所含的钙?镁盐的(22±20)%?      

广州市2020年春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对空气质量的影响

利用2020年春节期间(1月21～28日)广州市21个空气质量监测站气象和空气污染物数据及其中4个监测点位的单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(single particle aerosol mass spectrometer,SPAMS)数据,研究烟花爆竹燃放对广州市及11个行政区空气质量的影响,并基于SPAMS 建立了烟花爆竹快速...     

Size distribution and diffuse pollution impacts of PAHs in street dust in urban streams in the Yangtze River Delta

Particles of dust washed off streets by stormwater are an important pathway of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into urban streams.This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of the size distribution of PAHs in street dust particles, the potential risks of the particles in urban streams, and the sources and sinks of PAHs in the stream network.This assessment is based on measurements of 16 PAHs from the USEPA priority list in street dust particles and river sediments in Xincheng, China.The content of total PAHs ranged from 1,629 to 8,986 μg/kg in street dust particles, where smaller particles have a higher concentrations.Approximately 55% of the total PAHs were associated with particles less than 250 μm which accounted for 40% of the total mass of street dust.The PAH quantities increased from 2.41 to 46.86 μg/m2 in the sequence of new residential, rising through main roads, old town residential, commercial and industrial areas.The sediments in stream reaches in town were found to be sinks for street dust particle PAHs.The research findings suggest that particle size, land use and the hydrological conditions in the stream network were the factors which most influenced the total loads of PAH in the receiving water bodies.